Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning ...

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1.0 Mangroves: Values, Status and ThreatsFactor Processes affected Impacts ReferencesRising sea level- Forest health- Forest productivity- Recruitment- Inundation period- Sedimentation rates- Forest mortality, dieback from theseaward edge- Migration landward, but dependenton sediment inputs, topographyand human modificationsEllison, 1993, 2005; Semeniuk, 1994;Cahoon et al., 2006; Gilman et al.,2008; Soares, 2009Extreme storms- Forest productivity- Recruitment- Sedimentation rates- Forests damaged or destroyed- Ground elevation change- Erosion or sediment smotheringJaffar, 1992; Dahdouh-Guebas et al.,2005; Alongi, 2008; Yanagisawa et al.,2009Increased wavesand wind- Sedimentation rates- Recruitment- Changes in forest coverage, dependingon whether coasts areaccreting or erodingSemeniuk, 1994Increased air andsea temperature- Respiration- Photosynthesis- Forest productivity- Reduced productivity at lowlatitudes and increased winterproductivity at high latitudesClough & Sim, 1989; Cheeseman et al.,1991; Cheeseman, 1994; Cheesemanet al., 1997Enhanced CO 2- Photosynthesis- Respiration- Biomass allocation- Forest productivity- Increased productivity, subject tolimiting factors of salinity, humidityand nutrients- Soil elevation gainSnedaker, 1995; Farnsworth et al, 1996;Ball et al., 1997; Langley et al., 2009UV-B radiation- Morphology- Photosynthesis- Forest productivity- Minor Lovelock et al., 1992; Day & Neale,2002; Caldwell et al., 2003Increased rainfall- Sediment inputs- Ground water- Salinity- Productivity- Increased sediments and maintenanceof surface elevation- Increased ground water- Increased diversity- Increased productivity- Increased recruitmentSmith & Duke, 1987; Rogers et al.,2005; Whelan et al., 2005; Krauss etal., 2003Reduced rainfall- Sediment inputs- Ground water- Salinity- Reduced sediments and relativesubsidence- Migration landward- Reduced ground water- Reduced photosynthesis- Reduced productivity- Species turnover- Reduced diversityRogers et al., 2005; Rogers et al., 2005;Whelan et al., 2005; Smith & Duke,1987Reduced humidity- Photosynthesis- Forest productivity- Reduced productivity- Species turnover- Reduced diversityClough & Sim, 1989; Cheeseman etal., 1991; Cheeseman, 1994; Ball et al.,1997Table 1. Predicted effects of climate change factors on mangroves with key references (adapted from Lovelock &Ellison, 2007).4 | Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning for Mangrove Systems
1.0 Mangroves: Values, Status and ThreatsType Attributes River-dominated Tide-dominated Wave-dominatedGeomorphic settingSediment sourceDeltaicdistributariesEstuarine withelongated islandsBarrier islands/spits and lagoonsRiver- and wavedominatedDistributaries andlagoonsLow islandMarine-dominatedAllochthonous Allochthonous Autochthonous Allochthonous AutochthonousTidal range Low High Any Any LowMangrove locationsDominant processExamplesSpecific vulnerabilitySeaward edge anddistributariesFreshwaterdischargeMississippi;Ganges-Brahmaputra;Rufiji, TanzaniaChange indischarge andsediment supplyTidal creeks andislandsInside lagoonsLow-energydistributaries andlagoonsTidal currents Wave energy Wave energyand freshwaterdischargeOrd, Australia;Fly, Papua NewGuinea; Klang,MalaysiaIncreased tidalaction; change insediment budgetsEl Salvador;Mono, Benin;Laguna deTerminos, MexicoIncreased waveaction; change insediment budgetsGrijalva, Mexico;Burdekin, Australia;Sanaga, CameroonReduction insediment supplyFringing or basinSea levelTongatapu;Kiribati; GrandCayman;Jaluit, MarshallIslandsLowsedimentationratesTable 2. Mangrove geomorphic settings and their controlling attributes (adapted from Thom, 1982; and Ellison, 2009a).The response of mangrove habitats in differentcoastal locations to climate change will depend on anumber of factors of coastal behavior, including tidalrange, sedimentology, salinity regime, communitycomposition and shore profile. Although they areintertidal, mangroves occur in a range of settings thatmay have different vulnerabilities to climate changeimpacts (Table 2).Allochthonous means that there are external sources ofsediment for the mangroves, particularly from rivers.This sediment tends to be inorganic, and mangrovesystems that have such sediment supply have highersedimentation rates, making them less vulnerable tosea level rise.Tidal range and relative sea level change are keyexposure factors relating to the vulnerability ofmangroves to sea level rise. For example, sea levelrise will have a greater impact on intertidal systems inmicrotidal areas than in macrotidal areas because thetidal zone relocation will be more complete (Figure 3).Global sea level rise will also have a greater impact onareas that already suffer from relative sea level rise dueto deltaic subsidence. Identification and interpretationof such vulnerabilities are the objectives of Sections 3and 4 of this manual.Autochthonous means that sediment sourcesare primarily organic and from in situ mangroveproduction, resulting in peaty sediment. Mangroveswith such sediment supply tend to have lowersedimentation rates, making them more vulnerable tosea level rise. These factors are incorporated into thevulnerability ranking in Section 4.Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning for Mangrove Systems | 5
Page 2 and 3: © 2012 WWFISBN: 978-92-990069-0-0R
Page 4 and 5: © naturepl.com/Tim Laman/WWF
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4.0 Interpreting a Mangrove Vuneral
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5.0 Developing Adaptation MeasuresT
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5.0 Developing Adaptation MeasuresF
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6.0 ConclusionsClimate change, part
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7.0 ReferencesBosire, J. O., Dahdou
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7.0 ReferencesForbes, A. T., & Cyru
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7.0 ReferencesKovacs, J. M., Wang,
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7.0 ReferencesRogers, K., Saintilan
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8.0 GlossaryAbscission collar A reg
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8.0 GlossaryLiDAR Light Detection a
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Appendix: Data Sheets120 | Climate
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Appendix: Data SheetsData sheet for
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