publications_unodc_commentary-e

prompt disposal of matters, 207reserved decisions, 209transparency, 210disciplinary action, 19disclosure, requirement of, 80disappearance of court records, 197diversity see cultural diversitydiscriminationgender, 185international standards against, 183organization practising, 168disputed facts, personal knowledge of, 93disqualificationanimosity, 90consent of parties irrelevant, 79economic interest in outcome of case, 98doctrine of necessity, 100, 132friendship, 90irrelevant grounds, 89judge in one’s own cause, 78offer of post-judicial employment, 91previous employment in government department, 96previous political affiliation, 88previous service as lawyer, 94-95previously material witness in trial, 97reasonable apprehension of bias, 81reasonable observer, 77situations of hardship, 132when judge should make disclosure, 80see also bias, recusaleconomic interest, 98-99educationcommunity, 156legal, 157employmentof relative, 107in executive or legislative branch, 38post-judicial, 91previously in government or legal aid office, 96equalitycourt users, treatment of, 189cultural diversity, 186derogatory comments, 187-188, 190-191gender discrimination, 185international standards, 183167