publications_unodc_commentary-e

independent of other judges, 39independent and impartial judiciaryACHPR 7(1), 9ACHR 8(1), 8Concept, 12ECHR 6(1), 7ICCPR, 14(1), 3influenceactions or attitudes of other judges, 39attempt to influence, 29determining what constitutes undue influence, 30duty to avoid being improperly influenced, 143inappropriate outside influence, 27, 38popular acclaim or criticism, 28interest groups, 34integrityconcept, 101conduct in court, 107public perception, 109, 110private and public life, 103-104, 109relevance of community standards, 102, 104-106scrupulous respect for the law, 108International Covenant on Civil and Political Rightsprovisions of, 3, 48, 49, 50, 183relevance of, 206state obligations, 5international human rights law, relevance of, 206international law, status of, 6interference, constant, 63isolation neither possible not beneficial, 31judgeappointment of relative as a clerk, 107communication with appellate court or judge, 107compensation for non-judicial work, 157, 179, 182, 195conduct in court, 107conduct towards lawyers, 214conduct towards litigants, 213contact with community, 31-34criticism of, 30, 137duty to enforce law, 108duty to maintain order and decorum, 212duty to report unprofessional conduct, 218duty to uphold law, 108essential attributes, 215exemplary life required, 115170