tyf Enf=O=n]lgg

;‹if{df efu lnGy] — Psy/Ln] Tof] sfo{ af]n]/ jf n]v]/ ub{y] eg] csf{y/Ln] t/af/af6 ub{y] tyfs}of}+n] b'j}k|sf/n] ub{y] . ctM pgLx¿sf] Tof] r/Lqsf] kl/k"0f{tf / zlQm;DkGgtfn] pgLx¿nfO{ k"0f{dfgj agfp“Yof] . cWoog sIfdf k|j]z ug]{ JolQmx¿ s]jn ckjfbsf] ¿kdf dfq e]l6Gy] . cfk"mdfs'g} k|sf/sf] cf“r gcfcf];\ eg]/ Hofb} ;ts{ /xg] cgf8Lx¿ jf bf];|f] jf t];|f] txsf JolQmx¿ g} k|foMel6Gy] .Tolta]nf k|s[lt lj1fgsf] ljsf; klg cfd qmflGtsf] aLrdf g} ePsf] lyof] / Tof] :jo+ klgk"0f{tM qmflGtsf/L lyof] . To;n] jf:tjdf cfgf] cl:tTjsf] ;+3if{df ljho k|fKt ug'{k/]sf] lyof] .cfw'lgs bz{gsf] yfngL u/]sf dxfg\ O6flnogsf] ;“u;“u} of] k|s[lt lj1fgn] wd{sf cbfntx¿sfsfnsf]7/Lx¿ -Inquisition_ / kmf“;Lsf tVtf nflu zxLbx¿;d]tnfO{ hGd lbPsf] lyof] . /, s] s'/fljz]if¿kn] pNn]vgLo 5 eg] k|s[ltsf] :jtGq cg';Gwfg sfo{dfly lgoGq0f ug{sf nfluSofyf]lnsx¿eGbf k|f]6]:6\ofG6x¿ $ xft cufl8 lyP . /Qm ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{ k"/f ug{nflu ;s]sf] a]nf ;lj{6\;nfO{ sflNdgn] xftv'§f af“w]/ cfuf]df lk/f]nL–lk/f]nL lhp“b} hnfPsf] lyof] .jf:tjdf pgnfO{ b'O{306f;Dd p;n] cfuf]df lk/f]ln/x]sf] lyof] . To;eGbf t a? Sofyf]lnsx¿sf]wfld{s cbfntn] lhofb{gf] a|'gf]nfO{ ;fdfGotM lhp“b} hnfPsf] s'/f j]z lyof] .h'g qmflGtsf/L sfo{sf] dfWodaf6 k|s[lt lj1fgn] cfgf] :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ffsf] u/]sf] lyof],Tof] sf]klg{s;sf] cd/ s[lt 107 sf] k|sfzg lyof] . Tof] Psk|sf/n] n'y/n] kf]ksf] kfkn a'nnfO{hnfOlbg] lqmofsf] k'g/fj[lQ lyof] . oBlk sf]klg{s;n] 8/fO{–8/fO{ / Ps k|sf/n] cfk"m d[To' zo\ofdfk'u]sf] a]nfdf pQm u|Gyåf/f k|s[lt;DaGwL dfldnfdf wfld{s kfb/Lx¿sf] ;QfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf lyP /,oBlk vf;–vf; kf/:kl/s bfafx¿ k"/f ug]{ n8fO“ clxn];Dd klg rln/x]sf] 5 / y'k}|sf ljrf/dfclxn];Dd klg Tof] k"/f eO;s]sf] 5}g tfklg wfld{s bz{gaf6 k|s[lt lj1fgsf] d'lQm jf:tjdf p;}lbg g} ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 lj1fgsf] ljsf; tLj| ultaf6 ePsf] 5 . To;a]nfb]lv g} To;sf]zlQmdf -;dosf]_ b"/Lsf] ju{sf] cg'kftdf j[l4 x'“b}uPsf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . ;G;f/nfO{ s] s'/fatfOlbg'kg]{ h:tf] nfUb5 eg] To;kl5 ;hLj kbfy{sf] ;jf]{Rr pkh, cyf{t\ dfgj dl:tissf;DaGwdf ultsf] h'g lgod nfu" x'G5, Tof] lghL{j j:t'sf ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] lgodeGbf Psbd} pN6f]x'G5 .k|s[lt lj1fgsf] ;"qkft eO;s]sf] pQm klxnf] r/0fdf d'Vo sfd Psbd} cufl8 df}h"b /x]sf;fdu|Lx¿dfly :jfldTj :yflkt ug'{ lyof] . y'k}| If]qx¿df pQm sfo{sf] k|F/De Psbd} ;'?af6} ug'{kb{Yof]. ;'?df xfdLn] o"SnL8 108 / K6f]n]dfOsf] ;f}o{kl/jf/ 109 =kfPsf lyof}+ . c/ax¿n] cfgf k5fl8bzdnj cÍ k4lt, k|f/lDes aLhul0ft, cfw'lgs cÍ / cNs]dL 5fl8lbPsf lyP eg] O;fO{ wd{sf]dWo'un] s]xL klg 5f]8]sf] lyPg . To; l:yltdf :jefjtM klxnf] :yfg ;a}eGbf df}lns k|s[lt lj1fg,cyf{t\ kfly{j / cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] oflGqs lj1fgn] kfPsf] lyof] . To;sf] ;“u;“u} ;]ljsfsf] ¿kdfcsf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg ul0ftLo k4ltsf] vf]hL / To;nfO{ ;d[4 agfpg] sfo{n] kfPsf] lyof] . To; If]qdfdxfg\ ;kmntf xfl;n lyof] . xfdLx¿n] s] b]Vb5f}+ eg] To;sf] cflv/df To;sf k|ltlglwx¿ — Go"6g/ lngfo; lyP . pgLx¿n] lj1fgsf tL zfvfx¿nfO{ lglZrt kl/k"0f{sf] cj:yf;Dd k'¥ofPsf lyP .cfwf/e"t ul0ftLo k4ltx¿sf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx¿ :yflkt ul/Psf lyP . vf;¿kn] b]sft{sf]ljZn]if0ffTds HofldtL -Analytical Geometry_, g]lko/sf] n3' u0fsx¿ -Logarithms_ tyfn]lAgT; / ;DejtM Go"6gsf leGg / PsLs[t ul0ft -Differintial and Uintegral Calculus_sf] :yfkgf eO;s]sf] lyof] . ToxL s'/f 7f]; lk08x¿sf] oflGqslj1fgaf/] klg ;xL xf] . To;sf klgd'Vo lgodx¿ ;w}+sf nflu :ki6¿kaf6 lgwf{l/t ul/Psf lyP . cGtdf ;f}o{–d08nsf] Hof]ltifzf:qsf]If]qdf ;d]t klg s]Kn/n] u|xx¿ kl/rfl/t x'g] lgodx¿ kQf nufPsf lyP tyf Go"6gn] kbfy{sf]ultsf] ;fdfGo lgodsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ltgnfO{ ;"qa4 agfPsf lyP . k|s[lt lj1fgsf c¿ zfvfx¿k|f/lDes k"0f{tfsf] Tof] cj:yfeGbf klg emg\ k5fl8 lyP . To;sf] cGtdf k'u]/ g} t/n / Uof;sflk08x¿sf] oflGqslj1fgsf] ljsf;kl§ a9L Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] lyof] . 110 vf; ef}ltszf:q clxn];Ddklg cfgf] k|f/lDes cj:yfaf6 cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] lyPg . To;df vfln k|sfzzf:q -Optics_