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Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 28 / Tuesday, February 11, 1997 / Proposed Rules6377TABLE V–4.—TIER II EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS LOCOMOTIVES AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES MANUFACTURED 2005AND LATERDuty-cycle or notchGaseous and particulate emissions (g/bhp-hr)THC 1 NMHC 2 THCE 3 Aldhyd 3 CO NO X PMLine-haul and passenger duty-cycle ....... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.018 1.5 5.5 0.20Switch duty-cycle .................................... 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.036 2.4 8.1 0.24Low and normal idle ................................ —— —— —— —— —— 20.0 0.35Hotel idle ................................................. —— —— —— —— —— 10.8 0.25Notches 1 through 8 ............................... —— —— —— —— —— 6.9 0.25Dynamic brake ........................................ —— —— —— —— —— 15.0 0.351 Applicable to diesel, bio-diesel, or any combination fuels where diesel is the primary fuel.2 Only applicable to natural gas, or any combination of fuels where natural gas is the primary fuel.3 Applicable to alcohol(s), or any combination of fuels where alcohol is the primary fuel.TABLE V–5.—SMOKE (PERCENT OPACITY) STANDARDS 1Number of stacksExhaustdiameterExamined plume sectionSteadystate30-secpeak3-secpeakSingle exhaust stack ......... 12′′ or less .......................................... Total .................................................... 20 35 50More than 12′′ ..................................... Each 6′′ Segment, or .......................... 10 15 20Total 2 .................................................. 30 40 5512′′ or less .......................................... Any one ............................................... 20 35 50Sum of stacks ..................................... 30 40 55Each 6′′ segment, or .......................... 10 15 20Multiple exhaust stacks ..... More than 12′′ ..................................... Total for any one ................................ 30 40 55Sum of stacks ..................................... 40 50 601 Measurement performed continuously during testing.2 Sum of each 6′′ segment or the total, whichever is lower.TABLE V–6.—EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS FOR NONROAD ENGINES ABOVE 37 KW 1Gaseous and particulate emissions (g/bhp-hr)Smoke (Percent opacity)HC CO NO X PM Accel Lug Peak0.97 8.5 6.86 0.4 20 15 501 59 FR 31335, June 17, 1994, and 40 CFR 89.112–96 and 89.113–96.Alternate StandardsEPA is proposing an alternate set ofCO and particulate standards that areintended primarily to addresslocomotives which operate onalternative fuels such as natural gas.Such locomotives are expected to havehigher (and more difficult to control) COemissions than diesel-fueledlocomotives, but lower PM emissions.These differences are due to thedifferent molecular structure ofalternative fuels compared to diesel fuelwhich result in the need to operateunder different conditions (e.g.,different air/fuel ratios, spark ignitionvs. compression ignition). The proposedalternate standards would allow higherCO emissions, but would also requirelower particulate emissions. Althoughthese alternate standards are primarilyintended to address issues associatedwith alternative fuels, EPA is proposingthat they be available for application toany locomotive. The Agency believesthis is appropriate since the primaryfocus of today’s proposal is NO X andPM reductions, and the alternatestandards would result in further PMTABLE V–7.—ALTERNATE CO AND PM STANDARDS (G/BHP-HR)reductions than the standards containedin Tables V–2 through V–4, with thesame NO X reductions. Manufacturersand remanufacturers could choose tocomply with these alternate standards,shown in Table V–7, instead of the COand particulate standards listed inTables V–2 through V–4. They wouldnot be allowed to mix the alternate COstandards with the primary particulatestandards for a single engine family.Also, the particulate notch caps wouldapply in the same manner as under theprimary option.Line-haul cycleSwitch CycleCO PM CO PMTier 0 ................................................................................................................ 10.0 0.30 12.0 0.36Tier I ................................................................................................................. 10.0 0.22 12.0 0.27Tier II ................................................................................................................ 5.0 0.10 6.0 0.12