making-sense-of-change-management

152Table 4.320th century organizations and 21st century organizationsStructure Systems Culture Leadership ofchange20th century • bureaucratic; • depend on fewer • inwardly focused; Our thoughts:organizations • multilevelled; performance • centralized; • directive;• organized with the information systems; • slow to make • visionary;expectation that senior • distribute performance decisions; • charismatic;management will manage; information to • political; • participative at top• characterized by policies executives only; • risk averse. levels only.and procedures that create • offer managementmany complicated internalinterdependencies.training and supportsystems to seniorpeople only.21st century • non-bureaucratic, with • depend on many • externally Our thoughts:organizations fewer rules and employees; performance information oriented; • scanning and• limited to fewer levels; systems, providing data • empowering; interpreting• organized with the on customers especially; • quick to make environmentalexpectation that • distribute performance decisions; changes;management will lead, information widely; • open and candid; • encouraginglower-level employees • offer management • more risk tolerant. connectedness;will manage; training and support • giving meaning• characterized by policies systems to many people. and purpose.and procedures thatproduce the minimalinternal interdependenceneeded to serve customers.Source: adapted from Kotter (1996)