Carbon Dioxide and Earth's Future Pursuing the ... - Magazooms
Carbon Dioxide and Earth's Future Pursuing the ... - Magazooms
Carbon Dioxide and Earth's Future Pursuing the ... - Magazooms
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P a g e | 46<br />
1995-2005 was no different from that of <strong>the</strong> decade 1923-1933. Therefore, “based on <strong>the</strong><br />
simulations of <strong>the</strong>se two periods,” according to Wake et al., “it could as well be stated that <strong>the</strong><br />
recent changes that have been monitored extensively (Krabill et al., 2004; Luthcke et al., 2006;<br />
Thomas et al., 2006) are representative of natural sub-decadal fluctuations in <strong>the</strong> mass balance<br />
of <strong>the</strong> ice sheet <strong>and</strong> are not necessarily <strong>the</strong> result of anthropogenic-related warming.”<br />
Contemporaneously, Ettema et al. (2009) applied a regional atmospheric climate model over a<br />
domain that included <strong>the</strong> Greenl<strong>and</strong> Ice Sheet <strong>and</strong> its surrounding oceans <strong>and</strong> isl<strong>and</strong>s at what<br />
<strong>the</strong>y described as an “unprecedented high horizontal resolution (~11 km),” which for use over<br />
Greenl<strong>and</strong> was coupled to a physical snow model that treated surface albedo as a function of<br />
snow/firn/ice properties, meltwater percolation, retention <strong>and</strong> refreezing. The atmospheric<br />
part of this model was forced at <strong>the</strong> lateral boundaries <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> sea surface by <strong>the</strong> global model<br />
of <strong>the</strong> European Centre for Medium-Range Wea<strong>the</strong>r Forecasts for <strong>the</strong> period September 1957<br />
to September 2008. This work revealed <strong>the</strong> “total annual precipitation in <strong>the</strong> Greenl<strong>and</strong> ice<br />
sheet for 1958-2007 to be up to 24% <strong>and</strong> surface mass balance up to 63% higher than<br />
previously thought,” with <strong>the</strong> largest differences occurring in coastal sou<strong>the</strong>ast Greenl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
where <strong>the</strong> seven scientists said that <strong>the</strong> much higher-resolution facilitates captured snow<br />
accumulation peaks that past five-fold coarser resolution regional climate models missed.<br />
Averaged over <strong>the</strong> entire study period, <strong>the</strong> total ice sheet’s SMB was 469 ± 41 Gt per year; <strong>and</strong><br />
before 1990 none of <strong>the</strong> mass balance components exhibited a significant trend. Since 1990,<br />
however, <strong>the</strong>re has been a slight downward trend in Greenl<strong>and</strong>’s SMB of 12 ± 4 Gt per year,<br />
which is probably not all that significant, considering <strong>the</strong> fact that over <strong>the</strong> one-year-period<br />
1995 to 1996 its SMB rose by a whopping 250%. With respect to <strong>the</strong> stability/longevity of <strong>the</strong><br />
Greenl<strong>and</strong> Ice Sheet, <strong>the</strong>refore, Ettema et al. state that “considerably more mass accumulates<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Greenl<strong>and</strong> Ice Sheet than previously thought, adjusting upwards earlier estimates by as<br />
much as 63%,” which suggests that <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Hemisphere’s largest ice sheet may well hang<br />
around a whole lot longer than many climate alarmists have been willing to admit.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Hemisphere, Cofaigh et al. (2001) analyzed five sediment cores from <strong>the</strong><br />
continental rise west of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula <strong>and</strong> six from <strong>the</strong> Weddell <strong>and</strong> Scotia Seas for<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir ice rafted debris (IRD) content in an attempt to determine if <strong>the</strong>re are Antarctic analogues<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Heinrich layers of <strong>the</strong> North Atlantic Ocean, which testify of <strong>the</strong> repeated collapse of <strong>the</strong><br />
eastern margin of <strong>the</strong> Laurentide Ice Sheet <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> concomitant massive discharge of icebergs.<br />
This <strong>the</strong>y did because if such IRD layers exist around Antarctica, <strong>the</strong>y reasoned <strong>the</strong>y would be<br />
evidence of “periodic, widespread catastrophic collapse of basins within <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Ice<br />
Sheet,” which could obviously occur again. After carefully analyzing <strong>the</strong>ir data, however, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
concluded that “<strong>the</strong> ice sheet over <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula did not undergo widespread<br />
catastrophic collapse along its western margin during <strong>the</strong> late Quaternary,” <strong>and</strong> that this<br />
evidence “argues against pervasive, rapid ice-sheet collapse around <strong>the</strong> Weddell embayment<br />
over <strong>the</strong> last few glacial cycles.” Therefore, if <strong>the</strong>re was no dramatic break-up of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic<br />
Ice Sheet “over <strong>the</strong> last few glacial cycles,” <strong>the</strong>re’s a good chance <strong>the</strong>re will also be none before<br />
<strong>the</strong> current interglacial ends. And since <strong>the</strong> data of Petit et al. (1999) indicate that each of <strong>the</strong><br />
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