MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Broadband ... - 4G Americas

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In some applications, guard band spectrum must be left unused and in order to minimize waste, the LLCis required to accommodate the smallest guard band possible without compromising insertion loss ordistorting the signals. Such requirements lead to designs of increased size and cost. In other cases, theguard band spectrum can be reused on a second feeder and antenna. Thus, the LLC specifications maybe relaxed and more economical design options can be chosen.The LLC apportions a part of spectrum to each system. Future growth and de-growth, and otherspectrum redistributions will require reconfiguration, retuning, or replacement of the LLC. Remotelytunable equipment has been introduced to partially alleviate these restrictions.While LLCs are primarily employed for downlink combining, a corresponding filter multiplexer can alsoserve to distribute uplink signals. It holds the advantage of not requiring supply power but is overall lesspopular than the receiver multicoupler method described below.Some base stations on the market also have the ability to distribute a part of the signal from each RXbranch after the receiver LNA. This makes it possible to design a smaller combiner unit without the needfor other compensation of uplink combiner loss.6.7.7 SINGLE CARRIER POWER AMPLIFIERS (SCPA)Preceding a hybrid combiner, an SCPA compensates for the combining loss. Being a non-linearamplifier, an SCPA can itself be quite energy efficient but is suitable only for GSM and some similartechnologies. Overall efficiency is reduced by hybrid losses and need for heat management. Therelatively simple amplifier circuits moderate unit cost.Figure 85 — LLC combines narrowportion of TX band into broadband path.Includes duplexer for RX re-injection.Figure 86 —Filter multiplexer for downlinkand uplink – quadriplexer.Figure 87 —SCPA module amplifies andcombines two transmitters into one path.6.7.8 MULTI-CARRIER POWER AMPLIFIER (MCPA)The MCPA is a high power linear amplifier capable of combining and amplifying multiple RF carriers into asingle output. An MCPA usually includes one or more amplifier “bricks” that work in parallel to provide theneeded output power. Input circuits can be expanded to accommodate from two up to eight or more4G Americas MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Systems – October 2012 – All Rights Reserved108
ports. Integrated duplexers route the uplink signals around the MCPA and RX amplification/distributioncan be incorporated.Advantages of the MCPA include the ability to boost downlink power for increased coverage and/orcapacity as well as complete frequency agility, placing no restrictions on what channel frequencies areused within a license band. They can be used with any air interface technology, even combining multipletechnologies. On the other hand, large MCPA systems can entail a significant investment and they arenot very energy efficient.Modern base stations, such as for UMTS and LTE, mostly include MCPAs as an integrated part of theRadio Unit. Here the power output of the PA is closely monitored and adapted to current traffic situationsas part of the overall base station performance management. As an external MCPA will be connectedoutside of this monitor and control loop, it is less suitable for co-siting with this type of base stations.Figure 88 – MCPA for one sector with two duplexed inputsand two simplex inputs, three bricks installed.Figure 89 – MCPA for three sectors, two duplexed inputs and sixsimplex inputs per sector, one PA brick per sector, and one hotstandby brick.6.7.9 RECEIVER MULTICOUPLERA Receiver Multicoupler (RXMC) distributes uplink signals from shared antennas to multiple receivers. Apower splitter divides the input signal to a number of output ports. Preceding the power splitter, a LowNoise Amplifier (LNA) compensates the splitting loss, preserving uplink sensitivity. At the input to theLNA, a preselector filter may be integrated with the RXMC or exist as a part of other site equipment.4G Americas MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Systems – October 2012 – All Rights Reserved109
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MIMO and Smart Antennasfor 3G and 4
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5 Small Cells and HetNet Deployment
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5) Smart antennas provide the next
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toward the ground where the mobile
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could then be tailored using mechan
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Figure 6 - Antenna technology curre
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1.3 INTEGRATED RADIO/ANTENNAFigure
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Figure 10 - Link budget comparison
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1.4 ACTIVE ANTENNA SYSTEM (AAS) TEC
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and combinations of carriers that c
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example, a rural base station with
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eamwidth is typically fixed if area
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for flat rural scenarios with large
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Figure 22, for unprocessed and fitt
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Note that this is likely a general
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carrier frequency) limited uplink t
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These transmission modes are implem
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Code Book 1 Layer 2 Layers0 1√2 1
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codebook entry 2 will reduce interf
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Trans. ModeAntennaConfig. Figure De
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It is important to note that the ga
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5 inputs forming the five beams sho
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Figure 32 - Downlink bit rate (left
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system simulation CDF for the anten
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Figure 36 - Calibration network blo
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smaller allocation. MU-MIMO transmi
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1D Reconfigurable beam (RET)[tiltin
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3.3 COMPARISON OF RET, 2D, AND 3D R
Page 57 and 58: 3.5 NETWORK OPTIMIZATION VERSUS LOA
Page 59 and 60: Figure 40 - Distribution of the ant
Page 61 and 62: • In this case, reconfigurable be
Page 63 and 64: Figure 43 - Typical cell site showi
Page 65 and 66: 4.2 CURRENT DEPLOYMENTSOne operator
Page 67 and 68: Figure 46 - Common monopole during
Page 69 and 70: Figure 48 - Mast with 11 operators
Page 71 and 72: Figure 50 - Antenna mount with Remo
Page 73 and 74: (a) (b) (c)Figure 52 - Small cell s
Page 75 and 76: 6 MISCELLANEOUS COMMERCIAL AND DEPL
Page 77 and 78: Figure 54AFigure 54BFigure 54 — H
Page 79 and 80: The widely used 65º azimuth antenn
Page 81 and 82: Figure 59 — Mathematical results
Page 83 and 84: Recall that the new rules of thumb
Page 85 and 86: 300∑P60SPR(%) =60P∑300Undesired
Page 87 and 88: --Co-Polarization--Cross-Polarizati
Page 89 and 90: 6.2.2 EFFECTS OF INCORRECT ANTENNA
Page 91 and 92: any third order intermodulation pro
Page 93 and 94: A RRH, also known as a Remote Radio
Page 95 and 96: delays of each transmit path. These
Page 97 and 98: equired at the antenna. In addition
Page 99 and 100: Figure 72 - Photograph of the const
Page 101 and 102: These cables, being a stranded cons
Page 103 and 104: 6.6.5 ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE FIBER FE
Page 105 and 106: Figure 79 - Diplexer.Figure 80 - Tr
Page 107: Figure 81 - Hybrid combiningcable l
Page 111 and 112: Figure 90 - Antenna sharing usingTX
Page 113 and 114: 6.7.13 CONFIGURATIONSThe key elemen
Page 115 and 116: 6.8 INDOOR DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYST
Page 117 and 118: een proven by experiment that a spa
Page 119 and 120: 2600 6 to 9 --Table 7 - Link budget
Page 121 and 122: Figure 107 - Shannon upper limit ca
Page 123 and 124: achieve MIMO performance on par wit
Page 125 and 126: It is evident from the trial that M
Page 127 and 128: Figure 112 - Example antennas from
Page 129 and 130: 1st Upper Sidelobe Level of the 1st
Page 131 and 132: H/V TrackingDiscrimination between
Page 133 and 134: Digital RF converterto LNAPAdigital
Page 135 and 136: 27 Section 7.1 of 3GPP Section 7.1
Page 137 and 138: 51 IST-4-027756 WINNER, D1.1.2 V1.1
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