MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Broadband ... - 4G Americas

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Previous measurements, simulations, and estimations of the relative spectral efficiency of various airinterface technologies and antenna schemes are summarized in Figure 28 below. 20Figure 28 – Summary of downlink spectral efficiencies for various air interfaces and antenna schemes. ‡This figure clearly shows the relative performance of HSPA vis-à-vis LTE where HSPA with type 3terminals implementing Mobile Receive Diversity (MRxD) effectively double HSPA’s spectral efficiencyfrom 0.5 bps/Hz/sector to 0.9 bps/Hz/sector while LTE with 2X2 MIMO provides 1.5 bps/Hz/sector. The2x2 MIMO gives HSPA a 20% increase over MRxD, but 64 QAM capable terminals and SuccessiveInterference Cancellation (SIC) can raise HSPA efficiency to 1.3 bps/Hz/sector. Further improvementscan be obtained in Release 9 HSPA with dual-carrier operation with MIMO. Note that the upgrade to64QAM can be implemented with a software upgrade in most base stations while MIMO requires achange in antennas, though the contribution of 64QAM modulation is slight due to the rarity with which itcan be expected to be available in typical cellular network operation.‡ These values are from a joint analysis by 4G Americas’ members based upon 5+5 MHz for UMTS-HSPA/LTE and CDMA2000, and 10 MHz DL/UL=29:18 TDD for WiMAX, and assuming a mix of mobileand stationary users.4G Americas MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Systems – October 2012 – All Rights Reserved40
It is important to note that the gain of 2x2 MIMO in the case of HSPA+ assumes that all terminals havetwo receive antennas. In a deployment where there are legacy terminals without 2 receivers and MIMOcapability, the multi-stream transmissions from the base stations transmitting SU-MIMO signals willcontribute multi-path interference to older terminals and actually degrade the overall throughput inproportion to the percentage of terminals that do not support MIMO.The LTE values show 2x2 MIMO with 1.5 bps/Hz/sector moving to 1.73 with SIC or general interferencecancellation and 4x2 MIMO. This 4x2 operation uses a simplified switched-beam approach standardizedin Release 8. Downloadable codebooks, which are being discussed in 3GPP for future releases of thestandard, have potential for future improvements beyond the 2.4 bps/Hz/sector with 4x4 MIMO, althoughthe implementation of these types of adaptive antenna and beamforming algorithms are based onproprietary algorithms so the gains are implementation dependent and may evolve with field experience.2.2.1 TYPICAL 4 BRANCH CLUSTERED LINEAR ARRAY (CLA-2X) ANTENNAFigure 29 illustrates a typical dual polarized array with 4 columns of cross-dipole radiators, a calibrationcircuit, and 9 connectors. Generally, 1.5 VSWR is required on all antenna and calibration ports. Isolationbetween co-polarized and cross-polarized antenna ports is desired to be greater than 25 dB and 30 dBrespectively.A beamforming antenna can be used in either broadcast mode or beamforming mode. In broadcastmode, a typical 65° azimuth beam width is required for a tri-sector system with approximately 17 dBi gain.In beamforming mode, a 4-column array can provide an additional 6 dB antenna gain at boresite reducingto about 3 dB additional gain at maximum scan of ±60°. For MIMO applications, cross-polarizationrejection between the orthogonal +45/-45 polarized ports of 20 dB at boresite and 10 dB over sector(±60°) is typically required.A broadband multicolumn antenna with Remote Electrical Tilt (RET) would need to have similar elevationpattern performance of a fixed tilt antenna over a downtilt range of typically 0°-10°. To reduce adjacentcell interference, typically 16 dB upper sidelobe suppression is required.For beamforming accuracy, a calibration circuit is required to reduce effects of transceiver variationsbetween paths. The passive calibration circuit typically requires amplitude balance between paths of< 0.7 dB and phase balance of < 5°.4G Americas MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Systems – October 2012 – All Rights Reserved41
Page 1 and 2: MIMO and Smart Antennasfor 3G and 4
Page 3 and 4: 5 Small Cells and HetNet Deployment
Page 5 and 6: 5) Smart antennas provide the next
Page 7 and 8: toward the ground where the mobile
Page 9 and 10: could then be tailored using mechan
Page 11 and 12: Figure 6 - Antenna technology curre
Page 13 and 14: 1.3 INTEGRATED RADIO/ANTENNAFigure
Page 15 and 16: Figure 10 - Link budget comparison
Page 17 and 18: 1.4 ACTIVE ANTENNA SYSTEM (AAS) TEC
Page 19 and 20: and combinations of carriers that c
Page 21 and 22: example, a rural base station with
Page 23 and 24: eamwidth is typically fixed if area
Page 25 and 26: for flat rural scenarios with large
Page 27 and 28: Figure 22, for unprocessed and fitt
Page 29 and 30: Note that this is likely a general
Page 31 and 32: carrier frequency) limited uplink t
Page 33 and 34: These transmission modes are implem
Page 35 and 36: Code Book 1 Layer 2 Layers0 1√2 1
Page 37 and 38: codebook entry 2 will reduce interf
Page 39: Trans. ModeAntennaConfig. Figure De
Page 43 and 44: 5 inputs forming the five beams sho
Page 45 and 46: Figure 32 - Downlink bit rate (left
Page 47 and 48: system simulation CDF for the anten
Page 49 and 50: Figure 36 - Calibration network blo
Page 51 and 52: smaller allocation. MU-MIMO transmi
Page 53 and 54: 1D Reconfigurable beam (RET)[tiltin
Page 55 and 56: 3.3 COMPARISON OF RET, 2D, AND 3D R
Page 57 and 58: 3.5 NETWORK OPTIMIZATION VERSUS LOA
Page 59 and 60: Figure 40 - Distribution of the ant
Page 61 and 62: • In this case, reconfigurable be
Page 63 and 64: Figure 43 - Typical cell site showi
Page 65 and 66: 4.2 CURRENT DEPLOYMENTSOne operator
Page 67 and 68: Figure 46 - Common monopole during
Page 69 and 70: Figure 48 - Mast with 11 operators
Page 71 and 72: Figure 50 - Antenna mount with Remo
Page 73 and 74: (a) (b) (c)Figure 52 - Small cell s
Page 75 and 76: 6 MISCELLANEOUS COMMERCIAL AND DEPL
Page 77 and 78: Figure 54AFigure 54BFigure 54 — H
Page 79 and 80: The widely used 65º azimuth antenn
Page 81 and 82: Figure 59 — Mathematical results
Page 83 and 84: Recall that the new rules of thumb
Page 85 and 86: 300∑P60SPR(%) =60P∑300Undesired
Page 87 and 88: --Co-Polarization--Cross-Polarizati
Page 89 and 90: 6.2.2 EFFECTS OF INCORRECT ANTENNA
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any third order intermodulation pro
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A RRH, also known as a Remote Radio
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delays of each transmit path. These
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equired at the antenna. In addition
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Figure 72 - Photograph of the const
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These cables, being a stranded cons
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6.6.5 ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE FIBER FE
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Figure 79 - Diplexer.Figure 80 - Tr
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Figure 81 - Hybrid combiningcable l
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ports. Integrated duplexers route t
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Figure 90 - Antenna sharing usingTX
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6.7.13 CONFIGURATIONSThe key elemen
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6.8 INDOOR DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYST
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een proven by experiment that a spa
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2600 6 to 9 --Table 7 - Link budget
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Figure 107 - Shannon upper limit ca
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achieve MIMO performance on par wit
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It is evident from the trial that M
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Figure 112 - Example antennas from
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1st Upper Sidelobe Level of the 1st
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H/V TrackingDiscrimination between
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Digital RF converterto LNAPAdigital
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27 Section 7.1 of 3GPP Section 7.1
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51 IST-4-027756 WINNER, D1.1.2 V1.1
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MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Broadband ... - 4G Americas

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