MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Broadband ... - 4G Americas

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main monopole antenna is located at the top edge while a Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) isorthogonally placed at the lower edge in one device, Smart Phone (SP1). The other Smart-Phone (SP2)has two co-located loop antennas positioned at the bottom edge.The dual-antenna realizations (FPA, FPB, SP1, and SP2), such as radiating element types, antennaorientations, and antenna positioning, are designed on purpose for low, mid, and high antenna branchsignal correlation in order to evaluate impact on performance. In particular, SP2 has a very high antennabranch signal correlation in order to serve as a reference case with extremely low probability of multi-layertransmission.Free space embedded radiation patterns of the two antennas in each device have been recorded. Thereceived antenna branch signals are then calculated by combining the embedded far field radiationpatterns with a spectrum of complex incident rays as illustrated in Figures 104 and 105. The Shannondownlink capacities of the 2 x 2 MIMO antenna systems are calculated for each device assuming waterfilling at the transmit side. The mean capacity at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) level of 20 dB is plotted inFigure 108 as a function of the antenna mean efficiency, where the efficiency per antenna port is definedas incident over radiated power, with the other port terminated with a matched load. The small dotscorrespond to a dipole case simulation study 62 for two dipole antennas with a large range of efficiencyand antenna branch signal correlation values. The solid lines are theoretical curves for various signalcorrelation values. A spherical uniform spectrum of the incident field is assumed. As seen, efficiency is acritical antenna parameter while complex correlation values below 0.5 have a minor impact on theShannon capacity.Figure 108 – Mean 2 x 2 MIMO Shannon downlink capacity at 20 dB SNR of dual-antenna devices in a uniform 3D environment as afunction of the antenna efficiency and correlation.Downlink system simulations 63 have been performed on the devices with a multi-cell LTE radio networksimulator, which includes the 3GPP Spatial Channel Model (SCM) 44 and models of, e.g., adaptive codingand modulation, device mobility, and delays in channel quality reports. The performance is assessedusing system and user throughput. The 3GPP cases 1 and 3 are studied with the SCM environment.Table 9 shows system, cell-edge (5%), and peak (95%) throughput for the four antenna devices relativeto two ideal dipoles with no loss and zero correlation. All throughput values are normalized so that 100%corresponds to the throughput obtained when using the ideal reference dipoles. The base stations areassumed to have dual-polarized ±45° antennas. It is clear that devices with well-designed antennas4G Americas MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Systems – October 2012 – All Rights Reserved122
achieve MIMO performance on par with the ideal reference case, particularly in an urban macro scenariowith high inter-cell interference (3GPP case 1).Table 9 – 2 x 2 MIMO downlink throughput of devices relative to two ideal dipoles (in percent).DeviceParameter FPA FPB SP1 SP2System 88% 96% 99% 71%3GPP case 1, Cell-edge 78% 93% 96% 67%high loadPeak 92% 97% 100% 72%System 75% 83% 90% 64%3GPP case 3, Cell-edge 59% 67% 77% 50%low loadPeak 81% 90% 95% 55%A field trial has also been performed to investigate how MIMO works in a cellular network at LTE band 13(746 – 756 MHz in downlink). The purpose of the campaign was to test the four different dual-antenna UEdesigns in order to obtain qualitative results on their relative performance. In the trial, 2x2 MIMO indownlink was tested, i.e. two receive branches at the device and two transmit branches at the basestation. This is the typical setup for today’s deployed LTE networks. The deployed base station antennasystems employed dual-polarized antennas. The network used was a pre-commercial LTE network 64 .The trials were performed in a radio environment as similar as possible to what handheld devices willexperience in a live LTE network. In order to achieve this, different load conditions were created, handdummies were used, and areas with different town architectures (urban and suburban) were used for thetest campaign. Hence, results regarding the interaction of hands holding the device and vehiclecomponents surrounding it were also obtained.Three use modes were included in the trials: hands on roof, hands in van, and free space on roof. Thehands on roof and hands in van use modes included hand dummies. The devices were placed in a twohanddata mode, Figure 103b. In the hands in van use mode, the devices and hands were placed to theright hand side of the driver’s seat; in the hands on roof use mode, they were placed on the roof of thevan.shows the mean throughput achieved over the measurement drives normalized by the roof-mountedreference dual (vertical and horizontal) dipole antenna measurements. In the measurement drives, three(SP1, FPA, and FPB) out of the four devices and the reference set-up performed similarly. These deviceswere able to select multi-stream transmission to a large extent while device SP2 in practice neverselected multi-stream transmission.Figure 110 illustrates the proportion of rank 2 (MIMO) selection made by the devices over the driveroutes. The devices selected MIMO transmission frequently; in many measurement routes almost asoften as the roof-mounted reference dual-antenna set-up. The reference was significantly better onlywhen compared to the handheld data modes. This difference was not as evident in throughput: there was4G Americas MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Systems – October 2012 – All Rights Reserved123
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MIMO and Smart Antennasfor 3G and 4
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5 Small Cells and HetNet Deployment
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5) Smart antennas provide the next
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toward the ground where the mobile
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could then be tailored using mechan
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Figure 6 - Antenna technology curre
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1.3 INTEGRATED RADIO/ANTENNAFigure
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Figure 10 - Link budget comparison
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1.4 ACTIVE ANTENNA SYSTEM (AAS) TEC
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and combinations of carriers that c
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example, a rural base station with
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eamwidth is typically fixed if area
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for flat rural scenarios with large
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Figure 22, for unprocessed and fitt
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Note that this is likely a general
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carrier frequency) limited uplink t
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These transmission modes are implem
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Code Book 1 Layer 2 Layers0 1√2 1
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codebook entry 2 will reduce interf
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Trans. ModeAntennaConfig. Figure De
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It is important to note that the ga
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5 inputs forming the five beams sho
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Figure 32 - Downlink bit rate (left
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system simulation CDF for the anten
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Figure 36 - Calibration network blo
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smaller allocation. MU-MIMO transmi
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1D Reconfigurable beam (RET)[tiltin
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3.3 COMPARISON OF RET, 2D, AND 3D R
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3.5 NETWORK OPTIMIZATION VERSUS LOA
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Figure 40 - Distribution of the ant
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• In this case, reconfigurable be
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Figure 43 - Typical cell site showi
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4.2 CURRENT DEPLOYMENTSOne operator
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Figure 46 - Common monopole during
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Figure 48 - Mast with 11 operators
Page 71 and 72: Figure 50 - Antenna mount with Remo
Page 73 and 74: (a) (b) (c)Figure 52 - Small cell s
Page 75 and 76: 6 MISCELLANEOUS COMMERCIAL AND DEPL
Page 77 and 78: Figure 54AFigure 54BFigure 54 — H
Page 79 and 80: The widely used 65º azimuth antenn
Page 81 and 82: Figure 59 — Mathematical results
Page 83 and 84: Recall that the new rules of thumb
Page 85 and 86: 300∑P60SPR(%) =60P∑300Undesired
Page 87 and 88: --Co-Polarization--Cross-Polarizati
Page 89 and 90: 6.2.2 EFFECTS OF INCORRECT ANTENNA
Page 91 and 92: any third order intermodulation pro
Page 93 and 94: A RRH, also known as a Remote Radio
Page 95 and 96: delays of each transmit path. These
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Page 99 and 100: Figure 72 - Photograph of the const
Page 101 and 102: These cables, being a stranded cons
Page 103 and 104: 6.6.5 ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE FIBER FE
Page 105 and 106: Figure 79 - Diplexer.Figure 80 - Tr
Page 107 and 108: Figure 81 - Hybrid combiningcable l
Page 109 and 110: ports. Integrated duplexers route t
Page 111 and 112: Figure 90 - Antenna sharing usingTX
Page 113 and 114: 6.7.13 CONFIGURATIONSThe key elemen
Page 115 and 116: 6.8 INDOOR DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYST
Page 117 and 118: een proven by experiment that a spa
Page 119 and 120: 2600 6 to 9 --Table 7 - Link budget
Page 121: Figure 107 - Shannon upper limit ca
Page 125 and 126: It is evident from the trial that M
Page 127 and 128: Figure 112 - Example antennas from
Page 129 and 130: 1st Upper Sidelobe Level of the 1st
Page 131 and 132: H/V TrackingDiscrimination between
Page 133 and 134: Digital RF converterto LNAPAdigital
Page 135 and 136: 27 Section 7.1 of 3GPP Section 7.1
Page 137 and 138: 51 IST-4-027756 WINNER, D1.1.2 V1.1
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MIMO and Smart Antennas for Mobile Broadband ... - 4G Americas

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