working life of women seventeenth century - School of Economics ...

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CRAFTS AND TRADESis lett by lease unto Alice Armstrong for 3lives."'Such instances are merely a further proof of theactivity shown by married women in the familybusiness whenever this was carried on within theirreach.Butchers :-Theposition which women took in theRutchers' trade resembled very closely their positionas bakers, for, as has been shown, the special advantageswhich women, by virtue of their domestic training,might have enjoyed when trading as bakers, werecancelled by the statutes and bye-laws limiting thenumbers of those engaged in this trade. As wife orwidow women were able to enter either trade equally.Both trades were subject to minute supervision inthe interests of the public, and as a matter of fact,from the references which happen to have been preserved,it might even appear that the wires of butcherswere more often interested in the family businessthan the wives of bakers. An Act of Henry VIII." lycensyng all bochers for a tyme to sell vytell ingrosse at theyr pleasure " makes it lawful for anyperson "to whom any complaynt shuld be made uponany Boucher his wyff servaunte or other his mynystersrefusing to sell the said vitayles by true and lawfullweight . . . . to comytt evry such Boucherto warde,"' shows an expectation that the wifewould act 2s her husband's agent. But the wife'sposition was that of partner, not servant. During thefirst half of the century, certainly, leases were generallymade conjointly to husband and wife ; for example," Phillip Smith andElizabeth, his wife" appeared beforethe Corporation at Reading " desiringe a new leaseof the Butcher's Shambles, which was granted."3Brewster, Stockton-on-Tees, p. 42.' Statutes 27 H-erg VIIT. c. 0.B Guilding, Rcadrng Records, Vol. IV., p. 122.CRAFTS AND TRADESCustoms at Nottingham secured the widow's possessionof her husband's business premises even without alease, providing that " when anie Butcher shall dyethatt holds a stall or shopp from the towne, thattthen his wyefe or sonne shall hould the same stallor shopp, they vsinge the same trade, otherwaiesthe towne to dispose thereof to him or them thattwill give moste for the stall or shopp : this order tobeelpkewise to them thatt houlds a stall in the Spicechamber^."^The names of women appear in lists of butchersin very similar proportions to the lists of bakers.Thus one for Chester gives the names of twenty menfollowed by three women,' and in a return of sixteenbutchers licensed to sell meat in London during Lent,there is one woman, Mary Wright, and her partner,William W~odfield.~ Bye-laws which control thesale of meat use the feminine as well as the masculinepronouns, showing that the trade was habituallyused by both sexes. The " Act for the Settlementand well ordering of the several Public Markets withinthe City of London " ~rovides that " all and everyCountry butcher . . . . Poulterer . . . .Country Farmers, Victuallers Laders or Kidders. . . . may there sell, utter and put to openshew or sale his, her or their Beef, Mutton, etc., etc.'It may be supposed that these provisions relate onlyto the sale of meat, and that women would not oftenbe associated with the businesses which includedslaughtering the beasts, but this is not the case.Elizabeth Clarke is mentioned in the DorchesterRecords as " apprenticed 7 years to her father aNot'rngham Recm,lr, Vol. V., p. 284 1654.' Harl. MSS., trog to., 300 b.,r565.S. P. D. cxix. IW. February 24. 1621' Act for the Settlement and well Oricring of tbe Scvtral Publick Markets witbin tbrClty of Lonkn, 1674.
218 CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND TRADES 219butcher,"' and other references occur to women whowere clearly engaged in the genuine butcher's trade.For example, a licence was granted " to Jane Fouchesof the Parish of St. Clement Danes, Butcher to killand sell flesh during Lent,"2 and among eighteenpersons who were presented at the Court Leet,Manchester, " for Cuttinge & gnashing of Rawhidesfor their seuerall Gnashinge of evry Hyde," two werewomen, " Ellen Jaques of Ratchdale, one hyde, Widdownamely Stott of Ratchdale, two hydes."3Beside these women, who by marriage or apprenticeshiphad acquired the full rights of butchers and wereacknowledged as such by the Corporation underwhose governance they lived, a multitude of poorwomen tried to keep their families from starvationby hawking meat from door to door. They are oftenmentioned in the Council Records, because thevery nature of their business rendered them continuallyliable to a prosecution for regrating. Thusat the Court Leet, Manchester, Anne Costerdynewas fined IS. " for buyinge 4 quarters of Mutton ofWm. Walmersley & I Lamb of Thomas Hulme both wchshee shold the one & slme day."4 Their positionwasthe more difficult, because if they did not sell themeat the same day sometimes it went bad, and theywere then prosecuted on another score. ElizabethChorlton, a butcher's widow, was presented in1648 " for buieing and sellinge both on one day"and was fined 3s. 4d.5 She was again fined withMary Shalcross and various men in 1650 for sellingunlawful meat and buying and selling on one day.'Mayo, Municipal Relord, of Dorcbester, p. 428, 1698.' S P. D. I. clxxxviii. Jamee I., undated.Manctfltw Court Leet Rac,~rh, Vol. V., p. 236, '671.' Ibid, p. 221, 1674.Manrb
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WORKING LIFE OF WOMENIN THESEVENTEE
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4 INTRODUCTORYtragic class of wage
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8 INTRODUCTORY INTRODUCTORYDomestic
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INTRODUCTORYunmarried girls go out
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I 6 CAPITALISTS CAPITALISTS" I loos
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CAPITALISTSweak woman stands in the
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24 CAPITALISTS CAPITALISTS 25wife t
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2 8 CAPITALISTS CAPITALISTS 29Majes
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32 CAPITALISTSA warrant was issued"
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CAPITALISTSbusiness. " At O~tend, N
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CAPITALISTS CAPITALISTS41thro' her
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AGRICULTUREwas made of their develo
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AGRICULTUREis not drye as it should
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52 AGRICULTURE AGRICULTUREhave of h
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56 AGRICULTUREfor colonists in Virg
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AGRICULTUREmaintain completely the
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64 AGRICULTUREtime was well spent i
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AGRICULTUREExcept in exeptional cir
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72 AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE 73mainta
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76 AGRICULTUREfor the impotent poor
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AGRICULTUREwhich we can imagine tha
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AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE 85by his se
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AGRICULTUREher work, but generosity
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AGRICULTUREwife of Thos. Lyne. Toba
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TEXTILESwas paid better than the la
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TEXTILESroof provided them with the
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104 TEXTILESformulated by 25 Charle
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108 TEXTILES TEXTILES 109until the
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TEXTILESon spinning for their livin
Page 62 and 63: TEXTILESstill and dry within Doors,
Page 64 and 65: 120 TEXTILES TEXTILESthe cloth made
Page 66 and 67: 124TEXTILES TEXTILESin the closely
Page 68 and 69: TEXTILESKingdom, it required a grea
Page 70 and 71: 132 TEXTILES TEXTILESnot exceedl6 1
Page 72 and 73: TEXTILES TEXTILES I37hours in four
Page 74 and 75: ---P-I 4OTEXTILEScan be quoted of t
Page 76 and 77: '44 TEXTILES TEXTILESWood Streate,
Page 78 and 79: TEXTILEShigher wages than would hav
Page 80 and 81: 1 52 CRAFTS AND TRADESdebts. For ex
Page 82 and 83: I 56 CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND T
Page 84 and 85: 160 CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND TR
Page 86 and 87: 164 CRAFTS AND TRADESAmong thirty-n
Page 88 and 89: CRAFTS AND TRADESalso met with as b
Page 92 and 93: 176 CRAFTS AND TRADESto Henry Joyce
Page 96: CRAFTS AND TRADESWardens and Brothe
Page 99 and 100: P-I9OCRAFTS AND TRADESmarriage ; it
Page 101 and 102: CRAFTS AND TRADEStaken our goods fr
Page 103 and 104: 1g8CRAFTS AND TRADESresources turne
Page 105 and 106: CRAFTS AND TRADESThere were fewer r
Page 109 and 110: CRAFTS AND TRADESA large proportion
Page 111: 214CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND TRA
Page 117: CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND TRADES
Page 120 and 121: CRAFTS AND TRADESfrom her fellow pa
Page 122 and 123: PROFESSIONS 237PROFESSIONSIntroduct
Page 124 and 125: 24O PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONStheir Th
Page 126 and 127: 244 PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 245the
Page 128 and 129: PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 249profanat
Page 130 and 131: 252PROFESSIONSGiles Moore enters in
Page 132 and 133: PROFESSIONScribed as one who " dist
Page 134 and 135: PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 261first ma
Page 136 and 137: 264 PROFESSIONSGarrett's leg shall
Page 138 and 139: 268 PROFESSIONSwhere there are none
Page 140 and 141: PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 273the numb
Page 142 and 143: PROFESSIONSexaminations, before six
Page 144 and 145: PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 281death me
Page 146 and 147: 284 PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONSof confi
Page 148 and 149: 288 PROFESSIONSextent they were whe
Page 150 and 151: CONCLUSIONor in her other facilitie
Page 152 and 153: CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 297in women's
Page 154 and 155: CONCLUSIONlaw of Nature, inviolable
Page 156 and 157: CONCLUSIONwere specially deprecated
Page 158 and 159: 308 CONCLUSIONof the State, and the
Page 160 and 161: 312 AUTHORITIES AUTHORITIES 313Cost
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AUTHORITIESMartindale, Adam, The Li
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County.Buckingham ..Cardigan .. ..C
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INDEXINDEXFlax, 64, 146, 246, 291 ;
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INDEXsmants, women( 50,65,157 ; mam
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