working life of women seventeenth century - School of Economics ...

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180 CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND TRADESto sap, 20d. for himself, zod. for his companion, and20d. for the priest. And that all women who arenot of the Fraternity, and afterwards should bemarried to any of the Fraternity, shall be entered andlooked upon as of the Fraternity for ever, and shallbe assisted and made as one of us ; and after the deathof her husband, the widow shall come to the dinner,and pay 40d. if she is able. And if the said widowmarries any one not of the Fraternity, she shiill notbe admitted to the said feast, nor have any assistancegiven her, as long as she remains so married, be whomshe will ; nor none of us ought to meddle or interferein anything with her on account of the Fraternity,as long as she remains unmarried."'The Wardens of the Merchant Gild at Beverleywere directed to make in turn yearly " one dinnerfor all his bretherne and theire wieves."' The Pewterersdecided that " every man and wif that comythto the yemandries dynner sholde paye xvjd. Andevery Jorneyman that hath a wif . . . . xvjd.And every lone man beinge ahowsholder thatcomyth to dynner shall paye xijd. and everyJorneyman having no wif and comyth to dynnershall paye viijd. . . . . every man that hathbynne maryed wthin the same ij years shall geve hiscocke or eHe paye xijd . . . . Provided alwaysthat none bringe his gest wth him wthowt he paye forhis dynner as moch as he paith for hymself and thatthey bring no childerne W'" them passing one & nomore."Vn 1605 it was agreed that " ther shalbecalled all the whole clothyng and ther wyves andthe wydowes whose husbandes have byne of theclothynge and that shalbe payed ijs. man & wyffe andthe wydowes xijd. a peece.,j4 In 1672, the expensel Heath, /1crt. of the Worshipf~il Compuny of Grocers, p. 53, memo. 1348.Leach, BcwcrZq~ 7o:un Documents, p. 95, 1582.Welch, Htstorv of Pewtcrers Computry, \ 01. I., p. 201, I j59.' Ibld, Vol. II., p. 57.of entertaining becoming irksome, " an order ofCO" for ye abateing extraordinary Feasting " wasmade, requiring the " Master & Wardens . . . .to deposit each I zli & spend ye one half thereof uponthe Masters 8c Wardens ffeast this day held, and theOther moyety to be and remain to ye Compa use.Now this day the sd Feast was kept but by reason ofthe women being invited ye Charge of ye Feast wassoe extream that nothing could be cleered to v"house according to ye sd order. There being spe;tnear qoli."'~isfers are also remembered in the provisionsmade for religious observances and assistance in timesof sickness. The ordinances of the Craft of theGlovers at Kingston-upon-Hull required that " everybrother and syster of ye same crafftt be at everyofferyng within the sayd town with every brotheror syster of the same crafftt as well at weddyngesas at beryalles."Brethren and sisters were to havelights at their decease, and if in poverty to have themfree1y.l The " yoman taillours " made application" that they and others of their fraternity of yomenyearly may assemble . . . . near to Smithfieldand make offerings for the souls of brethren and sisteretc."3 In the city of Chester, when a charter wagiven to joiners, carvers and turners to become aseparate Company, not part of the Carpenters'as formerly, to be called the Company of the Joiners,it is said " Every brother of the said occupacionsshall bee ready att all times. . . . to comeunto . . . . the burial of every brother andsister of the said occupa~ions."~Sisters must have played an important part in thel Welch, Hist. of Pewtcrers'Company, Vol. II., p. 145.Lambert, Two lhonsand Tears $Gild Llfe, p. 217, 1499.a Ibid, p. 229, 1415.' Harl. MSS. 2054, fo.5. Charter of the Joiner's Co.
182 CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND TRADESfunctions of the Merchant Taylors of Bristol, for anorder was made in 1401 that " the said maister andiiii wardeyns schall ordeyne every yere good andconvenient cloth of oon suyt for all brothers and sistersof the said fraternity . . . ."l The Charterof this Company provided that " ne man ne womanbe underfange into the fraternite abovesaid withouteassent of the Keper and maister etc. . . . . andalso that hie be a man or woman y knowe of goodconversation and honeste. . . . Also yf enybrother other soster of thys fraternite above saydethat have trewly y payed hys deutes yat longeth toye fraternite falle into poverte other into myschefand maie note travalle for to he be releved, he schalhave of ye comune goodes every weke xxid of monei. . . . and yf he be a man yat hath wyfe and chyldehe schal trewly departe alle hys goodes bytwyneheir and hys wyfe and children; and ye partle thatfalleth to hym he schal trewly yeld up to ye mayster andto ye wardynes of the fraternite obove sayde, in yemaner to fore seide. . . . . " The brothers andsisters shall share in the funeral ceremonies, etc.," also gif eny soster chyde with other openly in thestrete, yat eyther schalle paye a pounde wex to yelighte of the fraternite ; and gif they feygte eytherschall paie twenty pounde wex to ye same lyte uponperryle of hir 0th gif thei be in power. And gifeny soster by y proved a commune chider among herneygbourys after ones warnyng other tweies at the(delit) ye thridde tyme ye maister and ye wardeynesof ye fraternite schulle pute her out of ye compaynyefor ever more."'Chiding and reviling were failings common to allgilds, and were by no means confined to thesisters. The pnishments appointed by the Merchant'83Gild at Beverley for those " who set up detractions,or rehearse past disputes, or unduly abuse "l are forbrothers only. And though it was " Agreed by theM' Wardens and Assystaunce " of the Pewterers that" Robert west sholde bringe in his wif vpon ffrydayenext to reconsile her self to M' Cacher and othersof the Company for her naughty mysdemeanor ofher tonge towarde them, "' the quarrelling amongthe Carpenters seems to have been almost confined tothe men.There can be no doubt that the sisters shared fullyin the social and religious life of the Gilds ; it is alsoperfectly clear that the wife was regarded by theGild or Company as her husband's partner, and that,after his death she was confirmed in the possessionof his business with his leases and apprentices at leastduring the term of her widowhood.But the extent to which she really worked withhim in his trade and was qualified to carry it on asa going concern after his death is much more difficultto determine, varying as it did from trade to tradeand depending so largely in each case upon the naturalcapacity of the individual woman concerned. Theextent to which a married woman could work withher husband depended partly upon whether histrade was carried on at home or abroad. It hasbeen suggested that the carpenters who often wereengaged m building operations could not profitmuch by their wives' assistance, hut many tradeswhich in later times have become entirely closed towomen were then so dependent on their labour thatsisters are mentioned specifically in rules concerningthe conditions of manufacture. Thus the charterof the Armourers and Brasiers was granted in theseventeenth year of James I. " to the Master and' Fox (F. F.) Merchant Taylors, Brzsiol, p. 31.l Leaeh, Brverlcy Town Dorvments, p. 78, 1494.Welch, Charles, Hzrt. ofPrwterers Cornpan), iiol. I., p. zoo, I j58.
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WORKING LIFE OF WOMENIN THESEVENTEE
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4 INTRODUCTORYtragic class of wage
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8 INTRODUCTORY INTRODUCTORYDomestic
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INTRODUCTORYunmarried girls go out
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I 6 CAPITALISTS CAPITALISTS" I loos
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CAPITALISTSweak woman stands in the
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24 CAPITALISTS CAPITALISTS 25wife t
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2 8 CAPITALISTS CAPITALISTS 29Majes
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32 CAPITALISTSA warrant was issued"
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CAPITALISTSbusiness. " At O~tend, N
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CAPITALISTS CAPITALISTS41thro' her
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AGRICULTUREwas made of their develo
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AGRICULTUREis not drye as it should
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52 AGRICULTURE AGRICULTUREhave of h
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56 AGRICULTUREfor colonists in Virg
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AGRICULTUREmaintain completely the
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64 AGRICULTUREtime was well spent i
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AGRICULTUREExcept in exeptional cir
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72 AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE 73mainta
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76 AGRICULTUREfor the impotent poor
Page 44 and 45: AGRICULTUREwhich we can imagine tha
Page 46 and 47: AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE 85by his se
Page 48 and 49: AGRICULTUREher work, but generosity
Page 50 and 51: AGRICULTUREwife of Thos. Lyne. Toba
Page 52 and 53: TEXTILESwas paid better than the la
Page 54 and 55: TEXTILESroof provided them with the
Page 56 and 57: 104 TEXTILESformulated by 25 Charle
Page 58 and 59: 108 TEXTILES TEXTILES 109until the
Page 60 and 61: TEXTILESon spinning for their livin
Page 62 and 63: TEXTILESstill and dry within Doors,
Page 64 and 65: 120 TEXTILES TEXTILESthe cloth made
Page 66 and 67: 124TEXTILES TEXTILESin the closely
Page 68 and 69: TEXTILESKingdom, it required a grea
Page 70 and 71: 132 TEXTILES TEXTILESnot exceedl6 1
Page 72 and 73: TEXTILES TEXTILES I37hours in four
Page 74 and 75: ---P-I 4OTEXTILEScan be quoted of t
Page 76 and 77: '44 TEXTILES TEXTILESWood Streate,
Page 78 and 79: TEXTILEShigher wages than would hav
Page 80 and 81: 1 52 CRAFTS AND TRADESdebts. For ex
Page 82 and 83: I 56 CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND T
Page 84 and 85: 160 CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND TR
Page 86 and 87: 164 CRAFTS AND TRADESAmong thirty-n
Page 88 and 89: CRAFTS AND TRADESalso met with as b
Page 92 and 93: 176 CRAFTS AND TRADESto Henry Joyce
Page 96: CRAFTS AND TRADESWardens and Brothe
Page 99 and 100: P-I9OCRAFTS AND TRADESmarriage ; it
Page 101 and 102: CRAFTS AND TRADEStaken our goods fr
Page 103 and 104: 1g8CRAFTS AND TRADESresources turne
Page 105 and 106: CRAFTS AND TRADESThere were fewer r
Page 109 and 110: CRAFTS AND TRADESA large proportion
Page 111 and 112: 214CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND TRA
Page 117: CRAFTS AND TRADES CRAFTS AND TRADES
Page 120 and 121: CRAFTS AND TRADESfrom her fellow pa
Page 122 and 123: PROFESSIONS 237PROFESSIONSIntroduct
Page 124 and 125: 24O PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONStheir Th
Page 126 and 127: 244 PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 245the
Page 128 and 129: PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 249profanat
Page 130 and 131: 252PROFESSIONSGiles Moore enters in
Page 132 and 133: PROFESSIONScribed as one who " dist
Page 134 and 135: PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 261first ma
Page 136 and 137: 264 PROFESSIONSGarrett's leg shall
Page 138 and 139: 268 PROFESSIONSwhere there are none
Page 140 and 141: PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 273the numb
Page 142 and 143: PROFESSIONSexaminations, before six
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PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONS 281death me
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284 PROFESSIONS PROFESSIONSof confi
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288 PROFESSIONSextent they were whe
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CONCLUSIONor in her other facilitie
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CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 297in women's
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CONCLUSIONlaw of Nature, inviolable
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CONCLUSIONwere specially deprecated
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308 CONCLUSIONof the State, and the
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312 AUTHORITIES AUTHORITIES 313Cost
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AUTHORITIESMartindale, Adam, The Li
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County.Buckingham ..Cardigan .. ..C
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INDEXINDEXFlax, 64, 146, 246, 291 ;
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INDEXsmants, women( 50,65,157 ; mam
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