Symbiotic Fungi: Principles and Practice (Soil Biology)

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88 A. Gobert and C. Plassard Newman IA, Kochian LV, Grusak MA, Lucas WJ (1987) Fluxes of H + and K + in corn roots: characterization and stoichiometries using ion-selective microelectrodes. Plant Physiol 84: 1177–1184 Plassard C, Guerin-Laguette A, Very AA, Casarin V, Thibault JB (2002) Local measurements of nitrate and potassium fluxes along roots of maritime pine. Effects of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Cell Environ 25:75–84 Shabala S, Newman I, Morris J (1997) Oscillations in H + and Ca 2+ ion fluxes around the elongation region of corn roots and effects of external pH. Plant Physiol 113:111–118 Shabala L, Ross T, Newman I, McMeekin T, Shabala S (2001) Measurements of net fluxes and extracellular changes of H + ,Ca 2+ ,K + , and NH 4 + in Escherichia coli using ion-selective microelectrodes. J Microbiol Methods 46:119–29 Thain JF (1995) Electrophysiology. Methods Cell Biol 49:259–274 Wang JJ, Bishop PL (2005) Development of a phosphate ion-selective microelectrode and its use in studies of the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process. Environ Technol 26:381–388 Zou Z, Han J, Jang A, Bishop P, Ahn C (2007) A disposable on-chip phosphate sensor with planar cobalt microelectrodes on polymer substrate. Biosens Bioelectron 22:1902–1907
Chapter 6 Assessment of Phosphatase Activity Associated with Mycorrhizal Fungi by Epi-Fluorescent Microscopy Ingrid M. van Aarle 6.1 Introduction The use of the ELF-97 endogenous phosphatase detection kit, a fluorescence-based method from Molecular Probes (Leiden, the Netherlands) for the assessment of phosphatase activity associated with mycorrhizal fungi is detailed. The kit consists of an ELF-97 phosphatase substrate [2-(5-chloro-2-phosphoryloxyphenyl)- 6-chloro-4-(3H)quinazolinone (CPPCQ)], an alkaline detection buffer and a mounting medium, enabling the detection of alkaline phosphatase activity. However, use of the substrate in combination with an acid buffer (such as citrate buffer or acetate buffer) enables the detection of acid phosphatase activity. The ELF-97 substrate is a fluorogenic substrate that has been used for location of phosphatase activity in (for example) fixed, cultured cells from rat (Telford et al. 1999) and zebrafish (Cox and Singer 1999), marine phytoplankton (González-Gil et al. 1998), and mycorrhizal fungi (Van Aarle et al. 2001, 2005; Alvarez et al. 2004). The substrate is normally slightly fluorescent in the blue range. However, once its phosphate is enzymatically removed the substrate forms a crystalline precipitate, which is bright green fluorescent, indicating the site of activity (Huang et al. 1993; Larison et al. 1995). Hence the process is called enzymelabelled fluorescence (ELF). The precipitate has a maximum emission at 530 nm, and is separated by more than 100 nm from its maximum excitation at 345 nm (Molecular Probes 2004). This specificity of the ELF substrate makes the signal clearly distinguishable from the autofluorescence of biological material such I.M. van Aarle (*) Universite´ catholique de Louvain, Unité de Microbiologie, Croix du Sud 3/6, 1348, Louvain-la- Neuve, Belgium e‐mail: imvaarle@hotmail.com A. Varma and A.C. Kharkwal (eds.), Symbiotic Fungi, Soil Biology 18, 89 DOI: 10.1007/978‐3‐540‐95894‐9_6, # Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
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Soil Biology Volume 18 Series Edito
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Ajit Varma l Amit C. Kharkwal Edito
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Foreword So old, so new... More tha
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Foreword vii Little AE, Robinson CJ
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x Preface work in this challenging
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xii Contents 9 Role of Root Exudate
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Contributors L.K. Abbott School of
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Contributors xvii Falko Feldmann Ju
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Contributors xix K. Nara Asian Natu
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Contributors xxi Marc St-Arnaud Ins
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2 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.1 Type
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4 A. Das and A. Varma the scientifi
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6 A. Das and A. Varma 1.3.2 Symbiot
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8 A. Das and A. Varma all the root
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10 A. Das and A. Varma 1. Such poly
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12 A. Das and A. Varma 1.3.3.9 Nitr
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14 A. Das and A. Varma about 1-2 mm
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16 A. Das and A. Varma fixed nitrog
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18 A. Das and A. Varma Mycorrhizae
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20 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.6 Dia
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22 A. Das and A. Varma a b Root hai
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24 A. Das and A. Varma intracellula
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26 A. Das and A. Varma Becker A, Ni
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28 A. Das and A. Varma Trappe JM, B
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30 A. Jumpponen were once active in
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32 A. Jumpponen GA, USA) to avoid d
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34 A. Jumpponen 2.2.3.6 Cloning, Se
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36 A. Jumpponen Table 2.1 Fungi det
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8 Use of the Autofluorescence Prope
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Chapter 9 Role of Root Exudates and
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9 Role of Root Exudates and Rhizosp
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Chapter 10 Assessing the Mycorrhiza
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10 Assessing the Mycorrhizal Divers
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178 D. Krüger et al. 8. Wash the p
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180 D. Krüger et al. Table 10.1 Ty
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182 D. Krüger et al. appear are in
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184 D. Krüger et al. tool such as
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186 D. Krüger et al. Ishikawa J, T
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188 D. Krüger et al. Sammeth M, Ro
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190 Z.M. Solaiman hyphae have been
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192 Z.M. Solaiman 11.2.2 Isolation
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194 Z.M. Solaiman 11.3 Conclusions
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Chapter 12 Interaction with Soil Mi
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12 Interaction with Soil Microorgan
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Chapter 13 Isolation, Cultivation a
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13 Isolation, Cultivation and In Pl
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228 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. only be
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230 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Fig. 14
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232 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. such sp
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234 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. STIM de
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236 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. transfe
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Table 14.1 Element concentrations w
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240 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Fig. 14
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242 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Frey B,
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244 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. TEMED N,
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246 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. system i
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248 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Bromophe
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250 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. taken to
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252 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Note 6:
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254 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. by Bradf
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256 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. 3. Take
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258 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. solubili
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260 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Table 15
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262 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Table 15
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264 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Followin
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266 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Once hom
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268 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. to both
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270 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. were the
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272 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Dumas-Ga
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274 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Valot B,
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276 P.A. Olsson Fig. 16.1 Schematic
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278 P.A. Olsson Furthermore, C tran
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280 P.A. Olsson in AM fungi and a h
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282 P.A. Olsson (Graham et al. 1995
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284 P.A. Olsson Nakano A, Takahashi
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286 X.H. He et al. In many cases, N
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288 X.H. He et al. Table 17.1 Exper
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290 X.H. He et al. 17.3.1.1 Comment
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Chapter 18 Analyses of Ecophysiolog
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18 Analyses of Ecophysiological Tra
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308 I. Brito et al. fungi, little i
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310 I. Brito et al. 60% of moisture
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312 I. Brito et al. Thompson 1990;
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314 I. Brito et al. 19.8 Crop Rotat
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316 I. Brito et al. References Abbo
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318 I. Brito et al. Smith SE, Read
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320 F. Feldmann et al. inoculum of
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322 F. Feldmann et al. Table 20.1 B
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324 F. Feldmann et al. transferred
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326 F. Feldmann et al. 20.3.3 The A
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328 F. Feldmann et al. Inoculum is
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330 F. Feldmann et al. Fig. 20.5 Pr
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332 F. Feldmann et al. value for th
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334 F. Feldmann et al. of abiotic a
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336 F. Feldmann et al. Lackie SM, B
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338 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells b
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340 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells M
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342 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells a
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344 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells T
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346 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells d
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348 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells M
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350 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells 2
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352 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells 2
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354 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells C
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356 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells G
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358 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells P
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360 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells V
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362 A. Baldi et al. the capabilitie
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364 A. Baldi et al. 22.2.3 Initiati
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366 A. Baldi et al. 2. Place inocul
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368 A. Baldi et al. 22.5 Analysis 2
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370 A. Baldi et al. 22.5.4 Phenylal
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372 A. Baldi et al. Nicholas JB, Jo
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374 A. Baldi et al. Among these, fu
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376 A. Baldi et al. 3. Place one ex
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378 A. Baldi et al. 23.4 Analysis F
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380 A. Baldi et al. Chattopadhyay S
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382 A. Sirrenberg et al. physical c
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384 A. Sirrenberg et al. Fig. 24.1
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390 A. Sirrenberg et al. in Fig. 24
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392 A. Sirrenberg et al. 24.5.2 Tru
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394 K. Haselwandter and G. Winkelma
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404 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Fi
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406 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Th
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408 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. 26
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410 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. co
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412 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Tw
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414 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Co
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416 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. qu
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418 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. 26
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420 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Ch
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Index A A. bisporus var. burnettii,
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Index 425 Dark septate root endophy
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Index 427 Leghemoglobin, 11 Lentinu
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Index 429 Proteomics, 244 Protoplas
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