Symbiotic Fungi: Principles and Practice (Soil Biology)

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20 Best Production Practice of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum 321 l Phenotypical characteristics of inoculum are often expressed on the basis of fungal population composition (Feldmann 1998). This requires stepwise multiplication cycles during up-scaling procedure, concurrent quality control and advanced mixing techniques which take into account the phenotypic variation of mycorrhizal fungi. On the basis of these working hypotheses, four steps are demonstrated: 1. In the planning phase, the requirements of the inoculum production are outlined. 2. In the analytical phase, the tuning of inoculum is described, and the immanent functional variability of inoculum is tested. 3. In the adaption phase, how to extend the abilities of inoculum is defined. 4. Finally, the up-scaling phase of inoculum production is described This chapter will be completed by describing concurrent quality control procedures. 20.3.1 The Planning Phase: Define what you Need The aims which an inoculum should meet, which organisms are involved and the purpose of the product dominate the planning phase, and result in a biological data sheet. Following our experience, the design of an inoculum for very general use is possible, but requires much more attention, knowledge and experience than a more limited design. Nevertheless, the commercial exploitation of a generalist’s inoculum is much more attractive than restricted inocula. As an example, we describe the planning phase for an inoculum to be used in ornamentals in greenhouses (as previously developed for German gardeners; see Feldmann et al. 1999). The Biological Data Sheet (BDA) should contain specifications about host and fungus (Table 20.1). Details concerning the desired target plants are fixed. The evaluation of this commercial BDA should lead to discussion of desired inoculum characteristics including desired carrier materials, formulations and acceptable pricing (maximum price). In our example it was vital that the fungus should colonize a range of different ornamental plant species within 2 weeks (between potting the first and second time) and developing growth responses within 8 weeks after the second potting (before sale to the customer). This inoculum had to tolerate high dosages of fertilizer. Furthermore, the price had to be very low because the user was not the one to expect the benefit, but buying interest was based on added value regarding inner quality of plants. At this point you have to decide on a starter inoculum. The more detailed the knowledge available on the isolates, the easier it is to select AMF from one’s own gene bank, or from an in situ conservation area (Feldmann and Grotkass 2002), to isolate fungi or to buy them.
322 F. Feldmann et al. Table 20.1 Biological data sheet for inoculum design and planning Parameter Macrosymbiont (Host) Microsymbiont (AMF) Species, varieties/strains Heliotropium arborescens cv. ‘‘Marine’’, Bidens ferulifolia cv. ‘‘Goldmarie’’, Brachycome iberidifolia; Chrysanthemum cv. ‘‘Maja Bofinger’’, Lobelia erinus cv. ‘‘Cobalt Blue’’, Lantana camara cv. ‘‘Feston Rose’’, Sutera cordata cv. ‘‘Snowflake’’, Sanvitalia procumbens cv. ‘‘Gold Braid’’, Pelargonium cv. ‘‘Butterfly’’, ‘‘Leuchtkaskade’’, ‘‘Grand Prix’’, Verbena x hybrida cv. ‘‘Imagination’’ and ‘‘Romance’’ Glomus etunicatum Range of intended use Ornamental greenhouses; Desired mycorrhizal effect mycorrhization from January to March Shortening of the ‘‘standing period’’ of ornamentals in greenhouses, earlier flowering and therefore earlier sale Longer flowering under balcony conditions Underlying effect: quicker growth Care requirements after installed (water weekly, water once, plant protection etc.) Natural occurrence (where, how common) Temperature: 14–21 C; fertilizer: max. 2 g/l week of NPP 18/12/18; use of diverse pesticides, sprayed and in the irrigation water Not relevant Cosmopolitan, not in sterilized substrates Habitat preferences Warm, moderate Very variable Strategy type/successional stage (stress-tolerator, competitor, weedy/ colonizer, etc.) Potential ecological main factors under natural conditions r- and k-strategists r-strategist; strain selected for rapid colonisation; generalist – High tolerance to high fertilizer concentrations Associated species No No Material provided by/ Plants available from Gene bank collected as/from production companies Propagation Cuttings DIPP with two steps (medium scale) To be adapted to pH 5.0 (continued )
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Soil Biology Volume 18 Series Edito
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Ajit Varma l Amit C. Kharkwal Edito
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Foreword So old, so new... More tha
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Foreword vii Little AE, Robinson CJ
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x Preface work in this challenging
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xii Contents 9 Role of Root Exudate
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Contributors L.K. Abbott School of
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Contributors xvii Falko Feldmann Ju
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Contributors xix K. Nara Asian Natu
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Contributors xxi Marc St-Arnaud Ins
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2 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.1 Type
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6 A. Das and A. Varma 1.3.2 Symbiot
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18 A. Das and A. Varma Mycorrhizae
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20 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.6 Dia
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22 A. Das and A. Varma a b Root hai
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24 A. Das and A. Varma intracellula
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26 A. Das and A. Varma Becker A, Ni
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28 A. Das and A. Varma Trappe JM, B
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30 A. Jumpponen were once active in
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32 A. Jumpponen GA, USA) to avoid d
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34 A. Jumpponen 2.2.3.6 Cloning, Se
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36 A. Jumpponen Table 2.1 Fungi det
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38 A. Jumpponen of the community st
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40 A. Jumpponen Girvan MS, Bullimor
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42 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. 1991). Crop
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44 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. 3.2.2 Indir
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46 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. Mycorrhiza
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Chapter 7 In Vitro Compartmented Sy
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192 Z.M. Solaiman 11.2.2 Isolation
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194 Z.M. Solaiman 11.3 Conclusions
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Chapter 12 Interaction with Soil Mi
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420 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Ch
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Index A A. bisporus var. burnettii,
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Index 425 Dark septate root endophy
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Index 427 Leghemoglobin, 11 Lentinu
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Index 429 Proteomics, 244 Protoplas
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Symbiotic Fungi: Principles and Practice (Soil Biology)

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