Symbiotic Fungi: Principles and Practice (Soil Biology)

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26 Biology and Molecular Approaches in Genetic Improvement 409 of compost and microbial protein synthesized during the composting process (Wood and Fermor 1985). 26.1.3.3 Essential Elements Four macronutrients — magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur — and five micronutrients — boron, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc — are required for optimum mycelial growth of A. bisporus. However, in A. bisporus, in addition to the above, calcium is also required and has been shown to fulfill an important physiological role in the medium (Hayes 1978; Wood and Fermor 1985). Traditional horse manure compost at spawning and wheat straw can provide for all mineral nutrients, and in a properly formulated compost, none is likely to act as a limiting factor. 26.1.3.4 Vitamins and Growth Factors Biotin and thiamine have been shown to be required for mycelial growth (Hayes 1978). However, microbial flora in the compost produce B-complex vitamins, and composts (both horse manure and synthetic) would not be vitamin-deficient (Wood and Fermor 1985). Growth-promoting activity has been shown with the addition of indole acetic acid, esters of oleic and linoleic acid and amino acids — phenylalanine, methionine and proline (Hayes 1978). 26.1.3.5 Role of Microbial Biomass Microbial activity converts the components of straw and manure into mushroom compost. The total count of these micro-organisms (both living and dead) in composts has been termed microbial biomass. Various workers have suggested a role for this biomass in the nutrition of A. bisporus. Wood and Fermor (1985) have reviewed these studies. Biomass could also act as a concentrated source of nitrogen and minerals. 26.1.4 Environmental Requirements Environmental parameters have a definite role to play in commercial production of A. bisporus. At every stage in the production process, starting with composting, the environment has to be carefully manipulated and controlled. In seasonal or cottagescale cultivation, a favorable environment prevailing during the season is exploited and obtained by manipulation of growing conditions. However, in highly controlled conditions, a precise environment is simulated for crop-raising, and in some farms
410 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. computerization has been introduced to automatically maintain and control the environmental parameters in the cropping room and in bulk chambers. 26.1.4.1 Temperature An optimum temperature is essential for growth and reproduction of any living organism, including the mushroom. In most of the cultivated types of mushrooms (including A. bisporus), the optimum temperature for vegetative growth is different from that required for fruiting (sexual phase). The optimum temperature for mycelial growth in A. bisporus is in the range of 23–25 C (air temperature). Limited mycelial growth takes place at temperatures 3 and 30 C. However, for fruiting, temperatures are in the range of 15–17 C. At temperatures 20 and 14 C, growth in the developing buttons is slowed. 26.1.4.2 pH Though vegetative growth is possible over an extended range of 3.5–9.0, optimum pH is around 6.0. A pH of 6.8–7.2 is considered ideal for fruiting, which is maintained in compost and casing for commercial cultivation. 26.1.4.3 Light Light does not play any role in vegetative growth or fruiting of A. bisporus. However, exposure of even smaller periods of light in off-white strains results in browning of the mushroom (Kapoor 1989). 26.1.4.4 Moisture Moisture content of the substrate and relative humidity of atmosphere in the crop room are of prime importance in growth and reproduction of A. bisporus as in other fungi. Fifty-five to 65 percent of water in the substrate has been found to be appropriate for initiating fruiting in A. bisporus (Manchere 1980). Flegg found that the best growth occurred when the water content of the compost ranged between 55% and 70% (Flegg and Wood 1985). 26.1.4.5 Relative Humidity Relative humidity of the atmosphere in the crop room plays a vital role during growth and reproduction of A. bisporus, especially during pinhead formation.
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Soil Biology Volume 18 Series Edito
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Ajit Varma l Amit C. Kharkwal Edito
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Foreword So old, so new... More tha
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Foreword vii Little AE, Robinson CJ
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x Preface work in this challenging
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xii Contents 9 Role of Root Exudate
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Contributors L.K. Abbott School of
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Contributors xvii Falko Feldmann Ju
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Contributors xix K. Nara Asian Natu
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Contributors xxi Marc St-Arnaud Ins
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2 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.1 Type
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4 A. Das and A. Varma the scientifi
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6 A. Das and A. Varma 1.3.2 Symbiot
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8 A. Das and A. Varma all the root
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10 A. Das and A. Varma 1. Such poly
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12 A. Das and A. Varma 1.3.3.9 Nitr
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14 A. Das and A. Varma about 1-2 mm
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16 A. Das and A. Varma fixed nitrog
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18 A. Das and A. Varma Mycorrhizae
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20 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.6 Dia
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22 A. Das and A. Varma a b Root hai
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24 A. Das and A. Varma intracellula
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26 A. Das and A. Varma Becker A, Ni
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28 A. Das and A. Varma Trappe JM, B
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30 A. Jumpponen were once active in
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32 A. Jumpponen GA, USA) to avoid d
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34 A. Jumpponen 2.2.3.6 Cloning, Se
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36 A. Jumpponen Table 2.1 Fungi det
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38 A. Jumpponen of the community st
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40 A. Jumpponen Girvan MS, Bullimor
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42 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. 1991). Crop
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44 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. 3.2.2 Indir
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46 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. Mycorrhiza
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48 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. Boomsma CR,
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50 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. Saito M (19
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52 M. Giovannetti et al. evidenced
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54 M. Giovannetti et al. a c e Ster
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56 M. Giovannetti et al. 4.2.4 Rema
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58 M. Giovannetti et al. a b c Fig.
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60 M. Giovannetti et al. to 4.1 mm
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62 M. Giovannetti et al. The detect
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64 M. Giovannetti et al. Jones MD,
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66 A. Gobert and C. Plassard NO3 fl
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68 A. Gobert and C. Plassard After
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70 A. Gobert and C. Plassard with k
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72 A. Gobert and C. Plassard 10 9 2
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74 A. Gobert and C. Plassard Fig. 5
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76 A. Gobert and C. Plassard connec
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78 A. Gobert and C. Plassard any ti
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80 A. Gobert and C. Plassard Net fl
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82 A. Gobert and C. Plassard a Rati
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84 A. Gobert and C. Plassard - upta
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86 A. Gobert and C. Plassard Table
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88 A. Gobert and C. Plassard Newman
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90 I.M. van Aarle as mycorrhizal hy
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92 I.M. van Aarle a wash buffer. Th
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94 I.M. van Aarle l Usually 20-50 m
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96 I.M. van Aarle Fig. 6.1 Extramat
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98 I.M. van Aarle A disadvantage of
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Chapter 7 In Vitro Compartmented Sy
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7 In Vitro Compartmented Systems to
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Chapter 8 Use of the Autofluorescen
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8 Use of the Autofluorescence Prope
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Chapter 9 Role of Root Exudates and
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9 Role of Root Exudates and Rhizosp
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Chapter 10 Assessing the Mycorrhiza
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10 Assessing the Mycorrhizal Divers
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178 D. Krüger et al. 8. Wash the p
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180 D. Krüger et al. Table 10.1 Ty
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182 D. Krüger et al. appear are in
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184 D. Krüger et al. tool such as
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186 D. Krüger et al. Ishikawa J, T
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188 D. Krüger et al. Sammeth M, Ro
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190 Z.M. Solaiman hyphae have been
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192 Z.M. Solaiman 11.2.2 Isolation
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194 Z.M. Solaiman 11.3 Conclusions
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Chapter 12 Interaction with Soil Mi
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12 Interaction with Soil Microorgan
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Chapter 13 Isolation, Cultivation a
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13 Isolation, Cultivation and In Pl
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228 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. only be
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230 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Fig. 14
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232 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. such sp
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234 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. STIM de
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236 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. transfe
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Table 14.1 Element concentrations w
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240 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Fig. 14
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242 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Frey B,
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244 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. TEMED N,
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246 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. system i
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248 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Bromophe
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250 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. taken to
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252 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Note 6:
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254 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. by Bradf
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256 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. 3. Take
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258 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. solubili
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260 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Table 15
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262 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Table 15
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264 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Followin
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266 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Once hom
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268 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. to both
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270 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. were the
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272 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Dumas-Ga
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274 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Valot B,
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276 P.A. Olsson Fig. 16.1 Schematic
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278 P.A. Olsson Furthermore, C tran
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280 P.A. Olsson in AM fungi and a h
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282 P.A. Olsson (Graham et al. 1995
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284 P.A. Olsson Nakano A, Takahashi
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286 X.H. He et al. In many cases, N
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288 X.H. He et al. Table 17.1 Exper
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290 X.H. He et al. 17.3.1.1 Comment
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Chapter 18 Analyses of Ecophysiolog
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18 Analyses of Ecophysiological Tra
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308 I. Brito et al. fungi, little i
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310 I. Brito et al. 60% of moisture
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312 I. Brito et al. Thompson 1990;
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314 I. Brito et al. 19.8 Crop Rotat
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316 I. Brito et al. References Abbo
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318 I. Brito et al. Smith SE, Read
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320 F. Feldmann et al. inoculum of
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322 F. Feldmann et al. Table 20.1 B
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324 F. Feldmann et al. transferred
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326 F. Feldmann et al. 20.3.3 The A
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328 F. Feldmann et al. Inoculum is
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330 F. Feldmann et al. Fig. 20.5 Pr
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332 F. Feldmann et al. value for th
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334 F. Feldmann et al. of abiotic a
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336 F. Feldmann et al. Lackie SM, B
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338 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells b
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340 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells M
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342 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells a
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344 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells T
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346 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells d
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348 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells M
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350 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells 2
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352 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells 2
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354 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells C
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356 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells G
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Page 437 and 438: Index A A. bisporus var. burnettii,
Page 439 and 440: Index 425 Dark septate root endophy
Page 441 and 442: Index 427 Leghemoglobin, 11 Lentinu
Page 443 and 444: Index 429 Proteomics, 244 Protoplas
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Symbiotic Fungi: Principles and Practice (Soil Biology)

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