Symbiotic Fungi: Principles and Practice (Soil Biology)

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72 A. Gobert and C. Plassard 10 9 2 4 Amplifier 3 ME1 ME2 8 Motor 2 Motor 1 Motor 3 Hand controlled Computer controlled converter to a computer. The circuitry is terminated through a pH meter submerged in the chamber. In addition, the camera monitor and the light supply are outside the cage. Finally, the perfusing solution is made just prior to use (the pH is carefully set in order to avoid discrepancy between the different concentrations). The solution is bubbled with decarbonated air (air going though soda lime and boiled water) to obtain an HCO3 free solution. The bottles of solution stand outside the cage at a higher position than the chamber, and the liquid moves with gravity towards the chamber (into tubing with a tap). The flow is reduced using a low-diameter needle plunged into the chamber. 1 7 6 Interface pH meter Fig. 5.4 Experimental set-up for continuous monitoring of ion fluxes using ion-selective microelectrodes: (1) Intact plant in a perspex cuvette, (2) flowing solution, (3) ion-selective microelectrodes plugged in headstages and moved by a hand-controlled motor, (4) amplifier, (5) interface (McLab), (6) computer (MacIntosh), (7) combined pH-macroelectrode, (8) mobile plate moving the cuvette using computer-controlled motors, (9) Faraday cage, (10) monitor connected to the camera 5
5 Measurement of Net Ion Fluxes Using Ion-Selective Microelectrodes 73 5.4.2 Making the Microelectrodes 5.4.2.1 Pulling of Glass Micropipettes In our set-up, the microelectrodes are made from borosilicate glass. The borosilicate glass tubes have to be pulled into two equal pieces to create the microelectrodes. 5.4.2.2 Equipment Needed Borosilicate capillaries (GC150F-10, Clark Electromedical Instruments, Pangbourne, UK) two-step puller (provider). One extremity of the borosilicate tube is fixed at each side of the puller, the bottom mortar being lifted. Then, a two-step protocol is applied to produce microelectrodes of the desired size (1–2 mm diameter in our case). An estimate of the tip size of the microelectrode is determined by measuring its electrical resistance when filled with 3 M KCl. Smaller tips have higher resistances than larger tips, but the dimensions of the microelectrodes are usually a compromise between obtaining a stable membrane potential and a good calibration response (detection limit). 5.4.3 Internal Silanization of the Pulled Borosilicate Tube or Microelectrode The inside of the glass micropipettes must be given a hydrophobic coating, to allow the formation of a high resistance seal between the glass and the hydrophobic ion-selective membrane. 5.4.3.1 Equipment Needed Fume hood (for all silanizing agent and solvent use) Oven reaching 180 C (in a aerated area or in the fume hood) Micropipette holder (home-made in our case, Fig. 5.5) 100-ml glass syringe Silanizing agent (e.g. N, N-dimethyltrimethylsilylamine or tributylchlorosilane, from Fluka) Tetrahydrofurane (for rinsing the syringe after silicone use) First, carefully place the extremity of the microelectrodes in the hole in the holder (tip to the sky). The holder has an inside cavity where the silanizing agent can be poured; this cavity is linked only to the inside of the microelectrodes. When placing
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Soil Biology Volume 18 Series Edito
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Ajit Varma l Amit C. Kharkwal Edito
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Foreword So old, so new... More tha
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Foreword vii Little AE, Robinson CJ
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x Preface work in this challenging
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xii Contents 9 Role of Root Exudate
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Contributors L.K. Abbott School of
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Contributors xvii Falko Feldmann Ju
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Contributors xix K. Nara Asian Natu
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Contributors xxi Marc St-Arnaud Ins
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2 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.1 Type
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4 A. Das and A. Varma the scientifi
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6 A. Das and A. Varma 1.3.2 Symbiot
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8 A. Das and A. Varma all the root
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10 A. Das and A. Varma 1. Such poly
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12 A. Das and A. Varma 1.3.3.9 Nitr
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14 A. Das and A. Varma about 1-2 mm
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16 A. Das and A. Varma fixed nitrog
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18 A. Das and A. Varma Mycorrhizae
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20 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.6 Dia
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Chapter 8 Use of the Autofluorescen
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8 Use of the Autofluorescence Prope
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Chapter 9 Role of Root Exudates and
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9 Role of Root Exudates and Rhizosp
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Chapter 10 Assessing the Mycorrhiza
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10 Assessing the Mycorrhizal Divers
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178 D. Krüger et al. 8. Wash the p
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180 D. Krüger et al. Table 10.1 Ty
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182 D. Krüger et al. appear are in
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184 D. Krüger et al. tool such as
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186 D. Krüger et al. Ishikawa J, T
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188 D. Krüger et al. Sammeth M, Ro
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190 Z.M. Solaiman hyphae have been
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192 Z.M. Solaiman 11.2.2 Isolation
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194 Z.M. Solaiman 11.3 Conclusions
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Chapter 12 Interaction with Soil Mi
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12 Interaction with Soil Microorgan
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Chapter 13 Isolation, Cultivation a
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13 Isolation, Cultivation and In Pl
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228 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. only be
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230 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Fig. 14
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232 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. such sp
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234 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. STIM de
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236 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. transfe
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Table 14.1 Element concentrations w
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240 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Fig. 14
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242 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Frey B,
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244 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. TEMED N,
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246 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. system i
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248 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Bromophe
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250 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. taken to
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252 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Note 6:
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254 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. by Bradf
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256 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. 3. Take
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258 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. solubili
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260 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Table 15
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262 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Table 15
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264 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Followin
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266 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Once hom
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268 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. to both
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270 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. were the
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272 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Dumas-Ga
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274 E. Dumas-Gaudot et al. Valot B,
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276 P.A. Olsson Fig. 16.1 Schematic
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278 P.A. Olsson Furthermore, C tran
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280 P.A. Olsson in AM fungi and a h
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282 P.A. Olsson (Graham et al. 1995
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284 P.A. Olsson Nakano A, Takahashi
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286 X.H. He et al. In many cases, N
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288 X.H. He et al. Table 17.1 Exper
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290 X.H. He et al. 17.3.1.1 Comment
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Chapter 18 Analyses of Ecophysiolog
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18 Analyses of Ecophysiological Tra
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308 I. Brito et al. fungi, little i
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310 I. Brito et al. 60% of moisture
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312 I. Brito et al. Thompson 1990;
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314 I. Brito et al. 19.8 Crop Rotat
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316 I. Brito et al. References Abbo
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318 I. Brito et al. Smith SE, Read
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320 F. Feldmann et al. inoculum of
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322 F. Feldmann et al. Table 20.1 B
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324 F. Feldmann et al. transferred
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326 F. Feldmann et al. 20.3.3 The A
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328 F. Feldmann et al. Inoculum is
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330 F. Feldmann et al. Fig. 20.5 Pr
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332 F. Feldmann et al. value for th
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334 F. Feldmann et al. of abiotic a
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336 F. Feldmann et al. Lackie SM, B
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338 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells b
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340 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells M
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342 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells a
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344 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells T
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346 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells d
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348 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells M
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350 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells 2
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352 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells 2
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354 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells C
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356 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells G
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358 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells P
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360 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells V
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362 A. Baldi et al. the capabilitie
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364 A. Baldi et al. 22.2.3 Initiati
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366 A. Baldi et al. 2. Place inocul
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368 A. Baldi et al. 22.5 Analysis 2
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370 A. Baldi et al. 22.5.4 Phenylal
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372 A. Baldi et al. Nicholas JB, Jo
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374 A. Baldi et al. Among these, fu
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376 A. Baldi et al. 3. Place one ex
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378 A. Baldi et al. 23.4 Analysis F
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380 A. Baldi et al. Chattopadhyay S
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382 A. Sirrenberg et al. physical c
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384 A. Sirrenberg et al. Fig. 24.1
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390 A. Sirrenberg et al. in Fig. 24
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392 A. Sirrenberg et al. 24.5.2 Tru
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394 K. Haselwandter and G. Winkelma
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404 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Fi
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406 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Th
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408 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. 26
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410 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. co
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412 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Tw
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414 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Co
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416 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. qu
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418 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. 26
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420 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Ch
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Index A A. bisporus var. burnettii,
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Index 425 Dark septate root endophy
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Index 427 Leghemoglobin, 11 Lentinu
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Index 429 Proteomics, 244 Protoplas
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Symbiotic Fungi: Principles and Practice (Soil Biology)

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