16. Tsuji B, Rybak MJ. The influence of Staphylococcus aureus accessory gene regulator function onthe development of glycopeptide hetroresistance in an in vitro phmarcodynamic model [abstractP-1590]. Presented at 15th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.Vol Copenhagen, Denmark2005.17. Rybak MJ. Pharmacodynamics: relation to antimicrobial resistance. Am J Med. 2006;119:S37-44;discussion S62-70.18. Wang G, Hindler JF, Ward KW, Bruckner DA. Increased vancomycin MICs for Staphylococcusaureus clinical isolates from a university hospital during a 5-year period. J Clin Microbiol.2006;44:3883-3886.19. Hidayat LK, Hsu DI, Quist R, Shriner KA, Wong-Beringer A. High-dose vancomycin therapy formethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Intern Med.2006;166:<strong>21</strong>38-<strong>21</strong>44.20. Sakoulas G, Moise-Broder PA, Schentag J, Forrest A, Moellering RC, Jr., Eliopoulos GM.Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillinresistantStaphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:2398-2402.<strong>21</strong>. Tenover FC, Moellering RC, Jr. The rationale for revising the Clinical and Laboratory StandardsInstitute vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration interpretive criteria for Staphylococcusaureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:1208-1<strong>21</strong>5.22. Moise PA, Sakoulas G, Forrest A, Schentag JJ. Vancomycin in vitro bactericidal activity and itsrelationship to efficacy in clearance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:2582-2586.23. Lodise TP, Graves J, Evans A, et al. Relationship between vancomycin MIC and failure amongpatients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia treated with vancomycin.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:3315-3320.24. Elting LS, Rubenstein EB, Kurtin D, et al. Mississippi mud in the 1990s: risks and outcomes ofvancomycin-associated toxicity in general oncology practice. Cancer. 1998;83:2597-2607.25. Bailie GR, Neal D. Vancomycin ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. A review. Med Toxicol AdverseDrug Exp. 1988;3:376-386.26. Rybak MJ, Albrecht LM, Boike SC, Chandrasekar PH. Nephrotoxicity of vancomycin, alone andwith an aminoglycoside. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990;25:679-687.27. Ingram PR, Lye DC, Tambyah PA, Goh WP, Tam VH, Fisher DA. Risk factors for nephrotoxicityassociated with continuous vancomycin infusion in outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy. JAntimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:168-171.28. Lodise TP, Lomaestro B, Graves J, Drusano GL. Larger vancomycin doses (at least four gramsper day) are associated with an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob AgentsChemother. 2008;52:1330-1336.29. Jeffres MN, Isakow W, Doherty JA, Micek ST, Kollef MH. A retrospective analysis of possiblerenal toxicity associated with vancomycin in patients with health care-associated methicillinresistantStaphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Clin Ther. 2007;29:1107-1115.30. Forouzesh A, Moise PA, Sakoulas G. Vancomycin ototoxicity: a reevaluation in an era ofincreasing doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:483-486.31. Bauer LA, Black DJ, Lill JS. Vancomycin dosing in morbidly obese patients. Eur J ClinPharmacol. 1998;54:6<strong>21</strong>-625.32. Blouin RA, Bauer LA, Miller DD, Record KE, Griffen WO, Jr. Vancomycin pharmacokinetics innormal and morbidly obese subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982;<strong>21</strong>:575-580.33. Ducharme MP, Slaughter RL, Edwards DJ. Vancomycin pharmacokinetics in a patient population:effect of age, gender, and body weight. Ther Drug Monit. 1994;16:513-518.34. Hall RG, 2nd, Payne KD, Bain AM, et al. Multicenter evaluation of vancomycin dosing: emphasison obesity. Am J Med. 2008;1<strong>21</strong>:515-518.35. Pai MP, Bearden DT. <strong>Antimicrobial</strong> dosing considerations in obese adult patients.Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:1081-1091.36. Penzak SR, Gubbins PO, Rodvold KA, Hickerson SL. Therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycinin a morbidly obese patient. Ther Drug Monit. 1998;20:261-265.37. Vance-Bryan K, Guay DR, Gilliland SS, Rodvold KA, Rotschafer JC. Effect of obesity onvancomycin pharmacokinetic parameters as determined by using a Bayesian forecastingtechnique. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:436-440.
38. Matzke GR, McGory RW, Halstenson CE, Keane WF. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin inpatients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984;25:433-437.39. Moellering RC, Jr. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1984;14 SupplD:43-52.40. Murphy JE, Gillespie DE, Bateman CV. Predictability of vancomycin trough concentrations usingseven approaches for estimating pharmacokinetic parameters. Am J <strong>Health</strong> Syst Pharm.2006;63:2365-2370.41. Roberts JA, Lipman J. Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of diseaseand pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45:755-773.42. Spinler SA, Nawarskas JJ, Boyce EG, Connors JE, Charland SL, Goldfarb S. Predictiveperformance of ten equations for estimating creatinine clearance in cardiac patients. IohexolCooperative Study Group. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32:1275-1283.43. Yang RH, Rong XZ, Hua R, Zhang T. Pharmacokinectics of vancomycin and amikacin in thesubeschar tissue fluid in patients with severe burn. Burns. 2009;35:75-79.44. Nakayama H, Echizen H, Tanaka M, Sato M, Orii T. Reduced vancomycin clearance despiteunchanged creatinine clearance in patients treated with vancomycin for longer than 4 weeks.Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30:103-107.45. Foote EF, Dreitlein WB, Steward CA, Kapoian T, Walker JA, Sherman RA. Pharmacokinetics ofvancomycin when administered during high flux hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol. 1998;50:51-55.46. Ariano RE, Fine A, Sitar DS, Rexrode S, Zelenitsky SA. Adequacy of a vancomycin dosingregimen in patients receiving high-flux hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:681-687.47. Barth RH, DeVincenzo N. <strong>Use</strong> of vancomycin in high-flux hemodialysis: experience with 130courses of therapy. Kidney Int. 1996;50:929-936.48. Pai AB, Pai MP. Vancomycin dosing in high flux hemodialysis: a limited-sampling algorithm. Am J<strong>Health</strong> Syst Pharm. 2004;61:1812-1816.49. Trotman RL, Williamson JC, Shoemaker DM, Salzer WL. Antibiotic dosing in critically ill adultpatients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1159-1166.Additional helpful references50. Forouzesh A, Moise PA, Sakoulas G. Vancomycin ototoxicity: a reevaluation in an era ofincreasing doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:483-6.51. Nakayama H, Echizen H, Tanaka M, Sato M, Orii T. Reduced vancomycin clearance despiteunchanged creatinine clearance in patients treated with vancomycin for longer than 4 weeks.Ther Drug Monit 2008;30:103-7.52. Pea F, Furlanut M, Negri C, Pavan F, Crapis M, Cristini F, Viale P. Prospectively validateddosing nomograms for maximizing the pharmacodynamics of vancomycin administered bycontinuous infusion in critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:1863-1867.
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PREFACEThe Antimicrobial Use Guidel
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Antimicrobial Cost Table (Cost info
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Summary of Antibiotic Order Form: S
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LUNGS/PULMONARYCommunity-Acquired P
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PART I: BY DRUGABACAVIRFor up-to-da
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constructed systemic-pulmonary shun
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AMPICILLIN/SULBACTAM (Unasyn ® )Us
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ATOVAQUONE/PROGUANIL (Malarone ® )
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CEFAZOLINUsual DoseAdult: Moderate/
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CommentsDose adjustment required fo
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1. Typhoid fever. (NOTE: Third-gene
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-Dutasteride-Eltrombopag-Theophylli
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CLINDAMYCINUsual DoseAdult: 600-900
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DAPTOMYCINInfectious Disease approv
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Concurrent administration with peni
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• Cisapride (contraindicated) •
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• Oral contraceptives/hormones -
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Synergy in infective endocarditis a
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• Colchicine • Indinavir • Ta
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• Donepezil • Pioglitazone• D
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with linezolid should be considered
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4. Life-threatening Gram-negative i
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MOXIFLOXACINLevofloxacin and moxifl
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Indications1. Uncomplicated cystiti
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CommentsDose adjustment required fo
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PIPERACILLIN/TAZOBACTAM (Zosyn ® )
- Page 56 and 57: PRIMAQUINEUsual DoseAdult: Malaria
- Page 58 and 59: RIFABUTINUsual DoseAdult (150 mg ca
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- Page 64 and 65: TICARCILLIN/CLAVULANATE (Timentin
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- Page 72 and 73: APPENDIX B: UWHC SURGICAL ANTIMICRO
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- Page 112 and 113: with aztreonam and other beta-lacta
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- Page 140 and 141: piperacillin/tazobactam. There were
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- Page 150: K. References1.0 Bliziotis IA, Ples