72Michał Szpinda, Marcin Daroszewski3. The normal growth curves for the diameters of thedeveloping aortic arch branches should facilitatethe prenatal diagnosis of the aortic arch abnormalities,particularly aortic coarctation.REFERENCES1. Achiron R., Golan-Porat N., Gabbay U., Rotstein Z.,Heggesh J., Mashiach S., Lipitz S.: In utero ultrasonographicmeasurements of fetal aortic <strong>and</strong> pulmonary arterydiameters during the first half of gestation. UltrasoundObstet. Gynecol. 1998; 11: 180-184.2. Achiron R., Zim<strong>and</strong> S., Hegesh J., Lipitz S., Zalel Y.,Rotstein Z.: Fetal aortic arch measurements between 14<strong>and</strong> 38 weeks’ gestation: in utero ultrasonographic study.Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2000; 15: 226-230.3. Alvarez L., Aranega A., Saucedo R., Contreras J.A.,Lopez F., Aranega A.: Morphometric data concerning thegreat arterial trunks <strong>and</strong> their branches. Int. J. Cardiol.1990; 29: 127-139.4. Szpinda M., Brazis P., Elminowska-Wenda G.,Wiśniewski M.: Morphometric study of the aortic <strong>and</strong>great pulmonary arterial pathways in human fetuses.Ann. Anat. 2006; 188: 25-31.5. Ursell P.C., Byrne J.M., Fears T.R., Strobino B.A., GersonyW.M.: Growth of the great vessels in the normalhuman fetus <strong>and</strong> in the fetus with cardiac defects. Circulation1991; 84: 2028-2033.6. Rudolph A.M., Heymann M.A., Spitznas U.: Hemodynamicconsiderations in the development of narrowing ofthe aorta. Am. J. Cardiol. 1972; 30: 514-525.7. Iffy L., Jakobovits A., Westlake W., Wingate M.B.,Caterini H., Kanofsky P., Menduke H.: Early intrauterinedevelopment: I. The rate of growth Caucasian embryos<strong>and</strong> fetuses between the 6 th <strong>and</strong> 20 th weeks of gestation.Pediatrics 1975; 56: 173-186.8. Szpinda M., Szwesta A., Szpinda E.: Morphometricstudy of the ductus arteriosus during human development.Ann. Anat. 2007; 189: 47-52.9. Szpinda M., Flisiński P., Elminowska-Wenda G., FlisińskiM., Krakowiak-Sarnowska E.: The variability <strong>and</strong>morphometry of the brachiocephalic trunk in human fetuses.Folia Morphol. 2005; 64: 309-314.10. Flisiński P., Szpinda M., Flisiński M.: Variability <strong>and</strong>morphometric parameters of the carotid arteries in humanfetuses. Medical <strong>and</strong> Biological Sciences 2005; 19: 147-151.11. Hornberger L.K., Weintraub R.G., Pesonen E., Murilo-Olivas A., Simpson I.A., Sahn C., Hagen-Ansert S., SahnD.J.: Echocardiographic study of the morphology <strong>and</strong>growth of the aortic arch in the human fetus. Observationsrelated to the prenatal diagnosis of coarctation. Circulation1992; 86: 741-747.12. Machii M., Becker A.E.: Morphologic features of thenormal aortic arch in neonates, infants, <strong>and</strong> children pertinentto growth. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1997; 64: 511-515.13. Morrow W.R., Huhta L.C., Murphy D.J., McNamaraD.G.: Quantitative morphology of the aortic arch in neonatalcoarctation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1986; 8: 616-620.14. Macchi C., Giannelli F., Catini C.: The measurement ofthe calibers of the branches of the aortic arch: a statisticalinvestigation of 430 living subjects using ultrasonic tomography.Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 1993; 98: 69-79.Corresponding author:Michał Szpinda MDChair <strong>and</strong> Department of Normal Anatomythe Ludwik Rydygier <strong>Collegium</strong> <strong>Medicum</strong>Karłowicza 24 StreetBydgoszcz 85-092Pol<strong>and</strong>tel. + 48 (052 5853705)fax + 48 (052 5853753)e-mail kizanat@cm.umk.plReceived: 25.11.2008Accepted for publication: 16.12.2008
Medical <strong>and</strong> Biological Sciences, 2008, 22/4, 73-78ORIGINAL ARTICLE / PRACA ORYGINALNAMichał Szpinda, Marcin DaroszewskiVOLUMETRIC GROWTH OF VARIOUS AORTIC SEGMENTS IN HUMAN FETUSESWZROST POJEMNOŚCI RÓŻNYCH SEGMENTÓW AORTY U PŁODÓW CZŁOWIEKAChair <strong>and</strong> Department of Normal Anatomy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, <strong>Collegium</strong> <strong>Medicum</strong> in BydgoszczHead: Michał Szpinda MDSummaryIntroduction: This study delineates normal volumetricgrowth for various aortic segments (ascending aorta,aortic arch, thoracic aorta) in human fetuses, taking intoconsideration fetal sex <strong>and</strong> age.Material <strong>and</strong> Methods: Using anatomical dissection,digital-image analysis (system of Leica Q Win Pro 16)<strong>and</strong> statistical analysis (ANOVA, regression analysis) a rangeof volume measurements for the ascending aorta, aortic arch<strong>and</strong> thoracic aorta in 128 spontaneously aborted humanfetuses aged 15-34 weeks was examined.Results: No significant gender differences were found(P>0.05). The volume of the ascending aorta ranged from7.56 ± 2.65 to 370.99 ± 105.42 mm 3 , according to the quadraticfunction y = 373.1 - 43.38x +1.30x 2 ± 24.51. The aorticarch volume increased from 8.84 ± 2.90 to 453.51 ± 125.54mm 3 , in accordance with the quadratic model y = 513.4 –58.464x ± 1.704x 2 ± 49.254. The volume of the thoracicaorta ranged from 15.75 ± 8.06 to 1158.01 ± 301.85 mm 3 ,according to the quadratic pattern y = 1376.2 – 154.42x +4.419x 2 ± 125.6. The sum of the volumes of these aorticsegments generated the quadratic function y = 2262 – 256x +7.423x 2 ± 212. The relationships between the volumes of thevarious aortic segments revealed the linear regressions: y =3.9647 + 0.8098x ± 12.372 (for the ascending aorta vs. theaortic arch), y = 4.4740 + 0.3973x ± 20.002 (for the aorticarch vs. the thoracic aorta), <strong>and</strong> y = 7.3242 + 0.3225x ±18.523 (for the ascending aorta vs. the thoracic aorta). Thevolumes of ascending aorta, aortic arch <strong>and</strong> thoracic aortaalso increased proportionally (5:6:15) during gestation.Conclusions: 1. The volumetric growth of the variousaortic segments proceeds according to the quadraticregression. 2. The various aortic segments indicate proportionalgrowth in volume during gestation.StreszczenieCel: Praca ta określa prawidłowy wzrost pojemności różnychsegmentów aorty (aorta wstępująca, łuk aorty, aortapiersiowa) u płodów człowieka, z uwzględnieniem płcii wieku płodu.Materiał i metody: Przy zastosowaniu dysekcji anatomicznej,cyfrowej analizy obrazu (system Leica Q Win Pro16) i analizy statystycznej (ANOVA, rachunek regresji)zbadano zakres wartości pojemności aorty wstępującej, łukuaorty i aorty piersiowej u 128 płodów człowieka w wieku od15 do 34 tyg. pochodzących z samoistnych poronień.Wy niki: Nie stwierdzono różnic płciowych (P≥0,05). Pojemnośćaorty wstępującej wynosiła od 7,56 ± 2,65 do370,99 ± 105,42 mm 3 , zgodnie z funkcją kwadratową y =373,1 – 43,38x + 1,30x 2 ± 24,51. Pojemność łuku aortywzrastała od 8,84 ± 2,90 do 453,51 ± 125,54 mm 3 , zgodniez modelem kwadratowym y = 513,4 – 58,464x ± 1,704x 2 ±49,254. Pojemność aorty piersiowej wynosiła od 15,75 ±8,06 do 1158,01 ± 301,85 mm 3 , zgodnie z funkcją kwadratowąy = 1376,2 – 154,42 x + 4,419 x 2 ± 125,6. Suma pojemnościtych segmentów aorty generowała funkcję kwadratowąy = 2262 – 256x + 7,423x 2 ± 212. Relacje między pojemnościamiróżnych segmentów aorty wykazywały regresje liniowe:y = 3,9647 + 0,8098x ± 12,372 (aorta wstępująca vs. łukaorty), y = 4,4740 + 0,3973x ± 20,002 (łuk aorty vs. aortapiersiowa) i y = 7,3242 + 0,3225x ± 18,523 (aorta wstępującavs. aorta piersiowa). Podczas ciąży pojemności aorty wstępującej,łuku aorty i aorty piersiowej wzrastały proporcjonalnie(5:6:15).Wnioski: 1. Wzrost pojemności różnych segmentów aortynastępuje zgodnie z regresją kwadratową. 2. Podczas ciążyróżne segmenty aorty wykazują proporcjonalny wzrost pojemności.Key words: ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, volumeSłowa kluczowa: aorta wstępująca, łuk aorty, aorta piersiowa, pojemność
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