Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Septic ... - Geoflow

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WA S T E WATER UTILITYA l a b a m aMontgomery Water Works &Sanitary Sewer BoardA l a s k aAnchorage Water &Wastewater UtilityA r i z o n aAvondale, City ofGlendale, City of,Utilities DepartmentMesa, City ofPeoria, City ofPhoenix Water Services Dept.Pima County WastewaterManagementSafford, City ofTempe, City ofA r k a n s a sLittle Rock Wastewater UtilityC a l i f o rn i aCentral Contra CostaSanitary DistrictCorona, City ofCrestline Sanitation DistrictDelta DiabloSanitation DistrictDublin San Ramon ServicesDistrictEast Bay DischargersAuthorityEast Bay MunicipalUtility DistrictEl Dorado Irrigation DistrictFairfield-Suisun Sewer DistrictFresno Department of PublicUtilitiesInland Empire Utilities AgencyIrvine Ranch Water DistrictLas Gallinas Valley SanitaryDistrictLas Virgenes MunicipalWater DistrictLivermore, City ofLos Angeles, City ofLos Angeles County,Sanitation Districts ofNapa Sanitation DistrictNovato Sanitary DistrictOrange County SanitationDistrictPalo Alto, City ofRiverside, City ofSacramento Regional CountySanitation DistrictSan Diego MetropolitanWastewater Depart m e n t ,City ofSan Francisco,City & County ofSan Jose, City ofSanta Barbara, City ofSanta Cruz, City ofSanta Rosa, City ofSouth Bayside System AuthoritySouth Coast Water DistrictSouth Orange CountyWastewater AuthoritySouth Tahoe Public UtilityDistrictStege Sanitary DistrictSunnyvale, City ofUnion Sanitary DistrictWest Valley Sanitation DistrictC o l o r a d oAurora, City ofBoulder, City ofGreeley, City ofLittleton/Englewood WaterPollution Control PlantMetro WastewaterReclamation District, DenverC o n n e c t i c u tGreater New Haven WPCAStamford, City ofDistrict of ColumbiaDistrict of Columbia Water &Sewer AuthorityF l o r i d aBroward, County ofFort Lauderdale, City ofJacksonville Electric Authority(JEA)Miami-Dade Water &Sewer AuthorityOrange County UtilitiesDepartmentPinellas, County ofReedy Creek ImprovementD i s t r i c tSeminole CountyEnvironmental ServicesSt. Petersburg, City ofTallahassee, City ofToho Water AuthorityWest Palm Beach, City ofG e o rg i aAtlanta Department ofWatershed ManagementAugusta, City ofClayton County WaterAuthorityCobb County Water SystemColumbus Water WorksFulton CountyGwinnett County Departmentof Public UtilitiesSavannah, City ofH a w a i iHonolulu, City & County ofI d a h oBoise, City ofI l l i n o i sDecatur, Sanitary District ofGreater PeoriaSanitary DistrictKankakee River MetropolitanAgencyMetropolitan WaterReclamation District ofGreater ChicagoWheaton Sanitary DistrictI n d i a n aJeffersonville, City ofI o w aAmes, City ofCedar Rapids Wa s t e w a t e rF a c i l i t yDes Moines, City ofIowa CityK a n s a sJohnson County WastewaterUnified Government ofWyandotte County/Kansas City, City ofK e n t u c k yLouisville & Jefferson CountyMetropolitan Sewer DistrictSanitation District No. 1L o u i s i a n aSewerage & Water Boardof New OrleansM a i n eBangor, City ofPortland Water DistrictM a ry l a n dAnne Arundel County Bureauof Utility OperationsHoward County Bureau ofUtilitiesWashington SuburbanSanitary CommissionM a s s a c h u s e t t sBoston Water & SewerCommissionMassachusetts Wa t e rResources Authority (MWRA)Upper Blackstone WaterPollution Abatement DistrictM i c h i g a nAnn Arbor, City ofDetroit, City ofHolland Board ofPublic WorksSaginaw, City ofWayne County Department ofEnvironmentWyoming, City ofM i n n e s o t aRochester, City ofWestern Lake SuperiorSanitary DistrictM i s s o u r iIndependence, City ofKansas City Missouri WaterServices DepartmentLittle Blue Valley Sewer DistrictMetropolitan St. LouisSewer DistrictN e b r a s k aLincoln Wastewater &Solid Waste SystemN e v a d aHenderson, City ofLas Vegas, City ofReno, City ofNew JerseyBergen County UtilitiesA u t h o r i t yOcean County Utilities AuthorityNew Yo r kNew York City Department ofEnvironmental ProtectionN o rth Caro l i n aCharlotte/MecklenburgUtilitiesDurham, City ofMetropolitan SewerageDistrict of Buncombe CountyOrange Water & SewerA u t h o r i t yUniversity of North Carolina,Chapel HillO h i oAkron, City ofButler County Department ofEnvironmental ServicesColumbus, City ofMetropolitan Sewer District ofGreater CincinnatiMontgomery, County ofNortheast Ohio RegionalSewer DistrictSummit, County ofO k l a h o m aOklahoma City Water &Wastewater UtilityDepartmentTulsa, City ofO re g o nAlbany, City ofClean Water ServicesEugene, City ofGresham, City ofPortland, City ofBureau of EnvironmentalServicesLake Oswego, City ofOak Lodge Sanitary DistrictWater Environment ServicesPennsylvaniaHemlock Municipal SewerCooperative (HMSC)Philadelphia, City ofUniversity Area Joint AuthoritySouth Caro l i n aCharleston Water SystemMount Pleasant Waterworks &Sewer CommissionS p a rtanburg Wa t e rTe n n e s s e eCleveland UtilitiesMurfreesboro Water & SewerDepartmentNashville Metro Wa t e rS e rv i c e sTe x a sAustin, City ofDallas Water UtilitiesDenton, City ofEl Paso Water Utilities
Fort Worth, City ofHouston, City ofSan Antonio Water SystemTrinity River AuthorityU t a hSalt Lake City CorporationVi rg i n i aAlexandria Sanitation AuthorityArlington, County ofFairfax, County ofHampton Roads SanitationDistrictHanover, County ofHenrico, County ofHopewell Regional Wa s t e w a t e rTreatment FacilityLoudoun WaterLynchburg RegionalWastewater Treatment PlantPrince William CountyService AuthorityRichmond, City ofRivanna Water & SewerAuthorityWa s h i n g t o nEverett, City ofKing County Department ofNatural ResourcesSeattle Public UtilitiesSunnyside, Port ofYakima, City ofWi s c o n s i nGreen Bay MetroSewerage DistrictKenosha Water UtilityMadison MetropolitanSewerage DistrictMilwaukee MetropolitanSewerage DistrictRacine, City ofSheboygan RegionalWastewater TreatmentWausau Water WorksWater Services Associationof AustraliaACTEW CorporationBarwon WaterCentral Highlands WaterCity West WaterColiban Water CorporationCradle Mountain WaterGippsland WaterGladstone Area Water BoardGold Coast WaterGosford City CouncilHunter Water CorporationLogan WaterMelbourne WaterMoreton Bay WaterOnstreamPower & Water CorporationQueensland Urban UtilitiesSEQ WaterSouth Australia WaterCorporationSunshine Coast WaterSydney Catchment AuthoritySydney WaterUnity WaterWannon Regional WaterCorporationWatercare Services Limited (NZ)Water CorporationWestern WaterYarra Valley WaterC a n a d aEdmonton, City of/EdmontonWaste Management Centreof ExcellenceLethbridge, City ofRegina, City of,SaskatchewanToronto, City of, OntarioWinnipeg, City of, ManitobaS T O R M WATER UTILITYC a l i f o rn i aFresno Metropolitan FloodControl DistrictLos Angeles, City of,Department of Public WorksMonterey, City ofSan Francisco, City & County ofSanta Rosa, City ofSunnyvale, City ofC o l o r a d oAurora, City ofBoulder, City ofF l o r i d aOrlando, City ofI o w aCedar Rapids Wa s t e w a t e rF a c i l i t yDes Moines, City ofK a n s a sLenexa, City ofOverland Park, City ofK e n t u c k yLouisville & Jefferson CountyMetropolitan Sewer DistrictM a i n ePortland Water DistrictN o rth Caro l i n aCharlotte, City of,Stormwater ServicesP e n n s y l v a n i aPhiladelphia, City ofTe n n e s s e eChattanooga StormwaterManagementTe x a sHarris County Flood ControlDistrict, TexasWa s h i n g t o nBellevue Utilities DepartmentSeattle Public UtilitiesS TAT EConnecticut Department ofEnvironmental ProtectionKansas Department of Health& EnvironmentNew England InterstateWater Pollution ControlCommission (NEIWPCC)Ohio Environmental ProtectionAgencyOhio River Valley SanitationCommissionUrban Drainage & FloodControl District, COC O R P O R AT EADS LLCAdvanced Data MiningInternationalAECOMAlan Plummer & AssociatesAlpine Technology Inc.Aqua-Aerobic Systems Inc.Aquateam–Norwegian WaterTechnology Centre A/SARCADISAssociated EngineeringBernardin Lochmueller &AssociatesBlack & VeatchBlue Water Technologies, Inc.Brown & CaldwellBurgess & Niple, Ltd.Burns & McDonnellCABE Associates Inc.The Cadmus GroupCamp Dresser & McKee Inc.Carollo Engineers Inc.Carpenter EnvironmentalAssociates Inc.CET Engineering ServicesCH2M HILLCRA Infrastructure &EngineeringCONTECH StormwaterSolutionsD&B/Guarino Engineers, LLCDamon S. WilliamsAssociates, LLCEcovationEMA Inc.Environmental OperatingSolutions, Inc.Environ InternationalCorporationF a y, Spofford, & Thorndike Inc.Freese & Nichols, Inc.ftn Associates Inc.Gannett Fleming Inc.Garden & Associates, Ltd.Geosyntec ConsultantsGHD Inc.Global Water AssociatesGreeley and Hansen LLCHazen & Sawyer, P.C.HDR Engineering Inc.HNTB CorporationHydromantis Inc.HydroQual Inc.Infilco Degremont Inc.Jason Consultants LLC Inc.Jordan, Jones, & Goulding Inc.KCI Technologies Inc.Kelly & Weaver, P.C.Kennedy/Jenks ConsultantsLarry Walker AssociatesLimnoTech Inc.Lombardo Associates, Inc.The Low Impact DevelopmentCenter Inc.Malcolm Pirnie Inc.Material Matters, Inc.McKim & CreedMWHNTL Alaska, Inc.O’Brien & Gere Engineers Inc.Odor & Corrosion TechnologyConsultants Inc.Parametrix Inc.ParsonsPost, Buckley, Schuh & Jern i g a nP r a x a i r, Inc.RMC Water & EnvironmentRoss & Associates Ltd.SAICSiemens Water TechnologiesThe Soap & DetergentAssociationSmith & Loveless, Inc.Southeast EnvironmentalEngineering, LLCStone Environmental Inc.Stratus Consulting Inc.Synagro Technologies Inc.Tetra Tech Inc.Trojan Technologies Inc.Trussell Technologies, Inc.URS CorporationWallingford SoftwareWestin Engineering Inc.Wright Water EngineersZoeller Pump CompanyI N D U S T RYAmerican Electric PowerAmerican WaterAnglian Water Services, Ltd.Chevron Energy Te c h n o l o g yThe Coca-Cola CompanyDow Chemical CompanyDuPont CompanyEastman Chemical CompanyEli Lilly & CompanyInsinkEratorJohnson & JohnsonMerck & Company Inc.Procter & Gamble CompanySuez EnvironnmentUnited Utilities North West(UUNW)United Water Services LLCVeolia Water North AmericaNote: List as of 4/20/10
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D e c e n t r a l i z e dEvaluation
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The Water Environment Research Foun
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ABSTRACT AND BENEFITSAbstract:This
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3.1.2 Flux Chamber Inserts for Sept
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LIST OF TABLESES-1 Summary of Metha
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3-7 Use of Flux Chamber in the Soil
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Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissi
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tank is converted anaerobically. Fu
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RecommendationsBased on the finding
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♦♦Collection of gas samples fro
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include Imhoff tanks, anaerobic baf
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2.2 Septic Tank CharacteristicsSept
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2.2.3 General Conversion Processes
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increase in thickness with daily so
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environmental damage and/or health
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Figure 2-6. The Intermediate Steps
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In anaerobic reactors, the alkalini
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epresentative concentrations. Inhib
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2.4 Gas Emissions from Septic Syste
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Figure 2-9. Flux Chamber Designed b
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due to settling and anaerobic diges
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total methane production value of 1
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2-26
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The main body of the flux chamber w
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3.1.3 Flux Chamber Design for Use i
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3.2 Sampling ProtocolsThe three pri
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3.2.3 Sampling Method for Vent Syst
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3.3 Gas AnalysisThe gas samples wer
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ppm (raw data from laboratory) were
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gal. Sites 5, 6, and 7 were the onl
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Table 4-2. Continued from previous
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Three of the septic tanks that appe
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steeper than that for the rest of t
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espectively, and for methane were 4
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oth before and after the septic tan
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noted that in this approach it is a
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The septic tank effluent CO 2 equiv
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(a)(b)Figure 5-9. Gas Emission Rate
Page 77 and 78: Figure 5-11. Emission Rates from Si
Page 79 and 80: (a)(b)Figure 5-13. Views of the Eff
Page 81 and 82: It is important to note that the U.
Page 83 and 84: ♦ Methane generated during the an
Page 85 and 86: A-2
Page 87 and 88: B. Based on COD Loading1. Determine
Page 89 and 90: C-2
Page 91 and 92: 2. First row of Table 23 from Sasse
Page 93 and 94: Biogas production = (COD inflow - C
Page 95 and 96: E-2
Page 97 and 98: SAMPLING FROM SOIL SURFACEDate:Hour
Page 99 and 100: F-4
Page 101 and 102: G-2
Page 103 and 104: DateSamplelocationGas measurement (
Page 105 and 106: After the initial inspections, Site
Page 107 and 108: H-2 Site 2The scum layer in the fir
Page 109 and 110: Table H-10. GHG Emission Rates From
Page 111 and 112: Table H-14. Summary of the Water Qu
Page 113 and 114: Table H-18. Summary of the Water Qu
Page 115 and 116: Table H-22. GHG Emission Rates from
Page 117 and 118: Sample Gas measurement (g/capita·d
Page 119 and 120: H-9 Summary of ResultsA summary of
Page 121 and 122: I-2
Page 123 and 124: Treatment in Decentralized Wastewat
Page 125 and 126: Philip, H., S. Maunoir, A. Rambaud,
Page 127: Winfrey, M.R. and J.G. Zeikus (1977
Page 132: W E R F P r o d u c t O r d e r F o
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