Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam) and South China. The authors are aware that Vietnam has joined theASEAN, that the other Mekong countries have applied for membership, and that the Mekong River formsonly a boundary in Myanmar. For purposes of this report, the three sub-regions will be referred tocollectively as South-East Asia.The study processThe work was undertaken in two phases over the period August 1996 to February 1997. Phase one involvedthe characterisation of the AEZs and an exhaustive literature review of work reported on crop–animal systems.Phase two documented the contribution of animals to these systems, based on visits to international andnational programmes and field sites in nine countries, and critical reviews of additional information. Thevisits also enabled identification of key institutions, institutional organisations, individuals associated withthe work, and an assessment of research capacity. Since IRRI has well-established rice-based farming systemsresearch in several of these countries, it was deemed particularly valuable to visit these sites and holddiscussions on potential collaboration.Study outputThe results of the study are presented in the following six chapters. Chapter 2 gives a more detailedcharacterisation of the AEZs, including the delineation between the sub-humid and humid tropics; Chapter3 characterises the farming systems and reviews research; Chapter 4 provides a field assessment ofcrop–animal systems; and Chapter 5 identifies the key researchable issues in crop–animal systems. Chapter6 discusses the strategy for research and Chapter 7 presents the final recommendations. Appendix I providesdetailed information on rainfed animal agriculture in each of the nine countries.
Introduction2. Characterisation and importance ofagro-ecological zones in South-East AsiaThe area under rainfed agriculture in Asia and the Pacific amounts to 223 million ha, which represents 67%of the total arable land (ADB 1989). Within this rainfed area, 44% of the land is found in the three sub-regionsof South-East Asia, amounting to a total of 99 million ha (Table 2). The proportion of arable land underrainfed agriculture varies from about 54% for China to 74% for the ASEAN sub-region and 88% for theMekong countries. Rainfed production accounts for 16–61% of agricultural GDP. From 30–80% of thehuman populations in eight of the nine countries are dependent on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods.Most of the resource-poor farmers engaged in rainfed agriculture are smallholders, whose farms vary in sizefrom 0.5–4.3 ha. Alexandratos (1995) has calculated that rainfed land suitable for cropping, and presentlynot utilised, approximates 81 million ha in the region. The extent of this area varies markedly within countries,from about 1.0 million ha in Cambodia to 22 million ha in Indonesia. The potential for the production of cropresidues and agro-industrial by-products (AIBP), for use as animal feeds, would be enormous if only a fractionof these lands were cultivated.This chapter characterises the AEZs and relates climatic conditions to rainfed farming systems inSouth-East Asia.Characterisation of the agro-ecological zonesDefinition of AEZsFor consistency with definitions used by the CGIAR, the classification of AEZs has been taken from theTechnical Advisory Committee of the CGIAR (TAC 1994). In this system, AEZs 2 (warm sub-humid tropics)and 6 (warm/cool sub-humid sub-tropics with summer rainfall) are consolidated to cover the sub-humid zones,and AEZs 3 (warm humid tropics) and 7 (warm/cool humid sub-tropics with summer rainfall) are combined tocover the humid zones (Fischer 1995). Humid AEZs are characterised by a length of growing period (LGP) inexcess of 270 days, whilst sub-humidAEZs are characterised by a LGP ranging from 180–270days. Total rainfallranges from 1000 mm to more than 3500 mm, and varies from year to year, as does the commencement andtermination of the wet season. Often, dry spells occur in the wet season which, at critical stages in the growth ofcrops, may result in the complete loss of yield. Figures 1 and 2 show the extent of the two AEZs in South-EastAsia and South China. For cartographical reasons the figures could not be combined. An altitudinal ceiling of1100 m is included in the definition of the study area since, with few exceptions, this corresponds to the elevationbelow which most rice-based systems are found. Therefore, the cool tropics of the highland AEZs are excluded.The present study covers only the mixed rainfed (non-irrigated) farming systems in the humid and sub-humidAEZs of South-East Asia, as classified by Sere et al (1995).It was also necessary to distinguish between the lowlands and uplands. However, an exact delineationbetween the terms in the farming systems of South-East Asia is difficult. Furthermore, the situation isconfused by rice terminology, where lowlands and uplands are used in a hydrological sense rather than inthe context of elevation. A precise scientific definition is not possible because of the overlap between thedifferent rice cultures (Mackill et al 1996). Rainfed lowland rice is defined as non-irrigated, but the soilsurface is inundated for at least part of the crop cycle to a maximum sustained flooding depth of
Page 2 and 3: Affiliation of Authors:Dr C. Devend
Page 4 and 5: 6.Strategyfor researchJustification
Page 7 and 8: AcknowledgementsThe International L
Page 9 and 10: esearch opportunities appropriate t
Page 11: Table 1.Animal populations and meat
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2. Sub-humid tropics and sub
Page 17 and 18: Table 3.Human and animal population
Page 19 and 20: Table 5. Rice-growing environments
Page 21 and 22: Multiple upland annual crop systems
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Continued.Country Importan
Page 25 and 26: It should be noted that, compared w
Page 27 and 28: Table 8.CountryCambodiaChinaIndones
Page 29 and 30: of non-renewable fossil fuels and t
Page 31 and 32: Overview of researchThere was a sur
Page 33 and 34: • Identification of alternative c
Page 35 and 36: Various animal production systems t
Page 37 and 38: Presently, much of the vegetable pr
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Summary of the main socio
Page 41 and 42: Table 11. Institutions and organisa
Page 43 and 44: 3. In the ASEAN sub-region, inadequ
Page 45 and 46: Table 12. Continued.SituationsPract
Page 47 and 48: 6. Strategy for researchJustificati
Page 49 and 50: Table 13. Priorities for research a
Page 51 and 52: VietnamResearch capacity in NARS is
Page 53 and 54: CRIFC (Central Research Institute f
Page 55 and 56: IAS. 1995. Proceedings of the Works
Page 57 and 58: Systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Volu
Page 59 and 60: or waterlogged in the wet season an
Page 61 and 62: Table A1. Important diseases of ani
Page 63 and 64:
• Increased cropping intensities,
Page 65 and 66:
the animal output came from pigs al
Page 67 and 68:
18-21° North, with an average rain
Page 69 and 70:
In the Nusa Tenggara islands, signi
Page 71 and 72:
Women work 11.5 h/day on average co
Page 73 and 74:
Various Australian forage projects
Page 75 and 76:
village production systems; to stud
Page 77 and 78:
The availability of feed in rubber
Page 79 and 80:
of the Ayeyarwady and Sittang river
Page 81 and 82:
Constraints and opportunitiesInadeq
Page 83 and 84:
gaining in importance, and signific
Page 85 and 86:
Table A3. Characterisation of crop-
Page 87 and 88:
Table A4. Interventions in crop-ani
Page 89 and 90:
Table A4. Continued.Project TitleGo
Page 91 and 92:
otations are practised, and there a
Page 93 and 94:
such as abortion. Vaccination cover
Page 95 and 96:
large areas of forests (3.4 million
Page 97 and 98:
Table A6. Some animal diseases repo
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix IIItineraryThe Philippines
Page 101 and 102:
26 November 1996 am Visit to small
Page 103 and 104:
Appendix IIIList of persons metPhil
Page 105 and 106:
Mr Chhiv Nan, Acting Director, Depa
Page 107 and 108:
Dr U Maung Ngint, Managing Director
Page 109:
List of acronymsAARDACIARADBAEZAIBP
show all

Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?