Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in ...

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ConclusionsCrop–animal systemsThere is a paucity of information on farming systems research that incorporates animals interactively withcropping systems. Research on component technologies emphasising animal nutrition was very common.The methodologies for analysis of crop–animal systems are generally weak, and little work has been doneon various aspects of socio-economic research.Production systemsTwo important categories of crop–animal systems are identified: annual food crop systems combininganimals, and perennial tree crop systems combining animals. The review of research on crop–animal systemsindicated that more work had been done on the perennial tree crop systems (coconut, oil palm and rubber).Crop–animal interactions and benefitsExamples of crop–animal interactions in nine countries are indicated and discussed, e.g. draft power, manureand nutrient recycling. Limited data from eight long-term case studies on crop–animal systems indicatedincreased productivity, increased income and improved sustainability from integration.Feed resources and nutritionThe overriding constraints in the production systems are feed resources and nutrition. The following aspectsare relevant.Feed resourcesA wide range of feed resources are potentially available that include native grasslands, improved forages,crop residues, AIBP and various NCFR. Very little work has been carried out on the synchronisation ofvarious feed options with the nutritional requirements of animals throughout the year. Modelling techniquesmay be useful in this respect. Where protein resources are scarce, priority will be to produce these on-farm.The emphasis on perennial species has tended to preclude the potential of establishing annual legumes in thefood crop systems.Grasses and legumesA wide range of improved grasses and herbaceous legumes have been evaluated and selected for South-EastAsia in the last 25 years. Studies with multipurpose trees have tended to emphasise Leucaena leucocephala.Animal nutritionMajor issues in nutrition research for both ruminants and non-ruminants were summarised recently by Lengand Devendra (1995).• Identification of the major conventional and non-conventional biomass resources available in sufficientquantities to form the basal diet for ruminants.• Consideration of their nutrient composition and digestibility and, where appropriate, to establisheconomical treatment processes to improve digestibility.• Identification of the appropriate protein supplements for ruminants to provide feed nutrients deficientfor optimal microbial growth; nutrients to increase protein supply for absorption in the intestine (by-passprotein) and other nutrients required by the animal such as minerals; and potential protozoal toxins toremove the anti-nutritional effects of protozoa.• Establishment of response relationships to supplements in ruminants fed treated feeds to increasedigestibility.
• Identification of alternative carbohydrate resources or feeds for non-ruminants.• Identification of potential non-ruminant supplements to balance diets based on non-grain feeds or thoseof scavenging animals.• Measurement of response relationships in non-ruminants to graded inputs of protein meals, mineralsetc.
Page 2 and 3: Affiliation of Authors:Dr C. Devend
Page 4 and 5: 6.Strategyfor researchJustification
Page 7 and 8: AcknowledgementsThe International L
Page 9 and 10: esearch opportunities appropriate t
Page 11 and 12: Table 1.Animal populations and meat
Page 13 and 14: Introduction2. Characterisation and
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2. Sub-humid tropics and sub
Page 17 and 18: Table 3.Human and animal population
Page 19 and 20: Table 5. Rice-growing environments
Page 21 and 22: Multiple upland annual crop systems
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Continued.Country Importan
Page 25 and 26: It should be noted that, compared w
Page 27 and 28: Table 8.CountryCambodiaChinaIndones
Page 29 and 30: of non-renewable fossil fuels and t
Page 31: Overview of researchThere was a sur
Page 35 and 36: Various animal production systems t
Page 37 and 38: Presently, much of the vegetable pr
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Summary of the main socio
Page 41 and 42: Table 11. Institutions and organisa
Page 43 and 44: 3. In the ASEAN sub-region, inadequ
Page 45 and 46: Table 12. Continued.SituationsPract
Page 47 and 48: 6. Strategy for researchJustificati
Page 49 and 50: Table 13. Priorities for research a
Page 51 and 52: VietnamResearch capacity in NARS is
Page 53 and 54: CRIFC (Central Research Institute f
Page 55 and 56: IAS. 1995. Proceedings of the Works
Page 57 and 58: Systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Volu
Page 59 and 60: or waterlogged in the wet season an
Page 61 and 62: Table A1. Important diseases of ani
Page 63 and 64: • Increased cropping intensities,
Page 65 and 66: the animal output came from pigs al
Page 67 and 68: 18-21° North, with an average rain
Page 69 and 70: In the Nusa Tenggara islands, signi
Page 71 and 72: Women work 11.5 h/day on average co
Page 73 and 74: Various Australian forage projects
Page 75 and 76: village production systems; to stud
Page 77 and 78: The availability of feed in rubber
Page 79 and 80: of the Ayeyarwady and Sittang river
Page 81 and 82: Constraints and opportunitiesInadeq
Page 83 and 84:
gaining in importance, and signific
Page 85 and 86:
Table A3. Characterisation of crop-
Page 87 and 88:
Table A4. Interventions in crop-ani
Page 89 and 90:
Table A4. Continued.Project TitleGo
Page 91 and 92:
otations are practised, and there a
Page 93 and 94:
such as abortion. Vaccination cover
Page 95 and 96:
large areas of forests (3.4 million
Page 97 and 98:
Table A6. Some animal diseases repo
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix IIItineraryThe Philippines
Page 101 and 102:
26 November 1996 am Visit to small
Page 103 and 104:
Appendix IIIList of persons metPhil
Page 105 and 106:
Mr Chhiv Nan, Acting Director, Depa
Page 107 and 108:
Dr U Maung Ngint, Managing Director
Page 109:
List of acronymsAARDACIARADBAEZAIBP
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