Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in ...

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Table A3. Continued.Problems and constraintsTitle Crop production Animal production MarketingRRA of agro-ecosystemcharacterisation, Hucab(Luzon island group).Water shortage for irrigation.Inadequate capital.Poor access to credit.Low productivity.Pests, diseases, naturalcalamities.Erosion, poor soil fertility.Inadequate supply of moderninputs.NAUnstable marketprices.Poor access tomarkets.Disorganisedmarketing.Assessment of the CropProduction Systems, MisamisOriental(Mindoro islandgroup).Lack of capital.Rotting seed.Pests and diseases.Fertiliser run-off.Unstable prices.No draft animals.Lack of capital.Insufficient feeds and pastureareas.Absence of technicians to beconsulted.Diseases.NAParticipatory Agricultural andRural SystemsAppraisal (PARSA) of theFarming SystemsInteraction in the Lanscape/Lifescape of Bukidnon(Minadanao island group).Lack of capital.Salinity.Lack of technical know-how.Under-utilisation of feedresources.Problems of reproductiveefficiency, artificialinsemination.Lack of capital.Lack ofinfrastructure.Limitedtransportation.Rough roads.Sources: Guy (1995) for studies 6,7,8. Others unpublished.between the control (farmer practice) and intervention treatments. Native chicken showed high mortalityrates (about 30%) and low hatchability.Comparisons of profits between the control and intervention treatments were made in each trial. Ananalysis of the results of 17 trials indicated that the interventions generally yielded 20–100% more profitthan the controls in 12 of the trials and over 100% more profit in the other five. The remaining trials arecontinuing. The contribution of animals to total farm income was estimated in only one trial. Resultsshowed that, with improved technology, up to 50% of farm income or 20% of family income could bederived from animals.Several useful lessons can be learnt from the results of these surveys. Firstly, rapid rural appraisals, whilstvery important in assessing the constraints and needs of farmers, must be reinforced with the collection of keysecondary data, group interviews, and information from local officials and the more progressive farmers. Also,participating farmers should be involved in the planning stages. For more meaningful comparisons, holdingsshould be of similar size with defined cropping patterns. In the rainfed uplands, limited access to credit andmarkets tended to diminish the comparative advantage of smallholders engaged in animal production, so theeffect of relaxing these constraints should have been studied. Secondly, methodologies for generatinginformation from on-farm research should be made less cumbersome for farmers. The daily recording routinewas an added burden to farmers, and less frequent monitoring of inputs and outputs might have been adequate.Thirdly, since land tenure was a major problem, the effects of tenure on the share of benefits to farmers shouldhave been assessed to determine the incentive for adoption amongst tenants. Lastly, the estimated profits fromon-farm interventions reflected only the financial returns. Estimation of the economic or real benefits of theinterventions would require consideration of the real opportunity cost of resources used in the production process.
Table A4. Interventions in crop–animal systems in the Philippines.Project TitleCattleCattle + green maize–rice–mungbeancropping pattern trial on hillysideslopes, Antique, Visayasisland group (1989–90).Crop–livestock integration inlowland irrigated and rainfed area,Cotabato, Mindanao island group(Dates: NA).Crop–livestock integration in uplandSultan Kudarat, Mindanao islandgroup (Dates: NA).On-farm verification trials foropen-upland cropping systemsintegrated with livestock, Albay,Luzon island group (1989–90).Cattle production on upland signalgrass/legume mixed pasturesunder coconuts, Sorsogon, Luzonisland group (1989–94).Urea-sprayed rice straw feeding forcattle fattening in rainfedlowlands, Pangasinan, Luzonisland group (1989–90).Evaluation of on-farmcrop–livestock integrated researchon uplands, Zamboanga del Norte,Mindanao island group (1987–88).Crop–livestock integration inuplands, Cavite, Luzon islandgroup (1986–88).Crop–livestock integration, Davaodel Sur, Mindanao island group(Dates:NA).crop–animal systems research inrainfed lowlands in Pangasinan,Luzon island group (1987–92).Animals andcrops producedCattle, greenmaize, rice,mungbean.Cattle andexisting crop.Cattle, rice,maize etc.NACattle,grass/legumeand coconut.Cattle, rice.Farmers: (rice–rice–fallow +cattle).Improved:(rice–rice–mungbean + cattle).Upland rice,cattlefattening,peanut, banana.NACattle, rice.Interventions testedFeeding.Integration of cattle.Cattle fattening,mungbean after rice,establishment of grassand legumes.Use of nutritional blocks,better management.Estimated profitFarmerpractice/controlUS$ 525 percropping season.US$ 570/haper year.Same as above. NA NA1. Maize, sweet potato,pigs.2. Maize, peanut, andcattle3. Maize, stringbean,cow calf.Grass-legume undercoconut.Urea supplementation ofcattle.Improved managementof cows.Mungbean after rice.Concentratesupplementation.Cattle, maize andcoconut.Introduction of siratro incropping pattern.US$ 480/ croppingseason.US$ 480.US$ 480.NAUS$ 9 after3 monthsUS$ 1010/haper crop year.US$ 935/ha.ExperimentalUS$ 1206.US$ 767/haper year.US$ 891/croppingseason.US$ 970.US$ 804.NAUS$ 59.US$ 2176/haper crop year.US$ 1232/ha.NA US$ 413/year.NA US$ 111.GoatsVillage level goats–crop fodderproduction system in upland plain,Leyte/Visayas island group(1987–89).Goats, fruittrees, rice, rootcrops andfodder trees.Different flock sizesImproved breed andbreeding.2 head =US$ 2004 head =US$ 300After year 1and year 2US$ 246 andUS$ 477US$ 444 andUS$ 682
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Affiliation of Authors:Dr C. Devend
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6.Strategyfor researchJustification
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AcknowledgementsThe International L
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esearch opportunities appropriate t
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Table 1.Animal populations and meat
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Introduction2. Characterisation and
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Figure 2. Sub-humid tropics and sub
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Table 3.Human and animal population
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Table 5. Rice-growing environments
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Multiple upland annual crop systems
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Table 6. Continued.Country Importan
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It should be noted that, compared w
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Table 8.CountryCambodiaChinaIndones
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of non-renewable fossil fuels and t
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Overview of researchThere was a sur
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• Identification of alternative c
Page 35 and 36: Various animal production systems t
Page 37 and 38: Presently, much of the vegetable pr
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Summary of the main socio
Page 41 and 42: Table 11. Institutions and organisa
Page 43 and 44: 3. In the ASEAN sub-region, inadequ
Page 45 and 46: Table 12. Continued.SituationsPract
Page 47 and 48: 6. Strategy for researchJustificati
Page 49 and 50: Table 13. Priorities for research a
Page 51 and 52: VietnamResearch capacity in NARS is
Page 53 and 54: CRIFC (Central Research Institute f
Page 55 and 56: IAS. 1995. Proceedings of the Works
Page 57 and 58: Systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Volu
Page 59 and 60: or waterlogged in the wet season an
Page 61 and 62: Table A1. Important diseases of ani
Page 63 and 64: • Increased cropping intensities,
Page 65 and 66: the animal output came from pigs al
Page 67 and 68: 18-21° North, with an average rain
Page 69 and 70: In the Nusa Tenggara islands, signi
Page 71 and 72: Women work 11.5 h/day on average co
Page 73 and 74: Various Australian forage projects
Page 75 and 76: village production systems; to stud
Page 77 and 78: The availability of feed in rubber
Page 79 and 80: of the Ayeyarwady and Sittang river
Page 81 and 82: Constraints and opportunitiesInadeq
Page 83 and 84: gaining in importance, and signific
Page 85: Table A3. Characterisation of crop-
Page 89 and 90: Table A4. Continued.Project TitleGo
Page 91 and 92: otations are practised, and there a
Page 93 and 94: such as abortion. Vaccination cover
Page 95 and 96: large areas of forests (3.4 million
Page 97 and 98: Table A6. Some animal diseases repo
Page 99 and 100: Appendix IIItineraryThe Philippines
Page 101 and 102: 26 November 1996 am Visit to small
Page 103 and 104: Appendix IIIList of persons metPhil
Page 105 and 106: Mr Chhiv Nan, Acting Director, Depa
Page 107 and 108: Dr U Maung Ngint, Managing Director
Page 109: List of acronymsAARDACIARADBAEZAIBP
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