Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in ...

6. Strategy for researchJustification for researchThe strategy for research to improve livestock in crop–animal systems in the lowlands and uplands of South-EastAsia builds on the detailed information presented in the previous chapters. The principal arguments for increasedresource allocation for research on crop–animal systems in the lowlands and uplands are as follows:1. The focus of crop production has been on the over-populated irrigated areas which are already usedintensively. To further increase crop production emphasis needs to be given to the neglected lowlandand upland AEZs. In this context, advantage can be taken of the significant populations of animals onmixed farms to enhance the sustainability of the food crop systems.2. Fifty-one per cent of the cattle and 55% of the small ruminant populations in Asia are found in thetarget AEZs. The need to increase productivity is highlighted by the fact that the South-East Asianregion as a whole has a deficit in animal protein supplies, notably beef, milk, goat meat and mutton.Most governments in the region, therefore, have given priority to the development of ruminantproduction.3. Rising populations, higher incomes, urbanisation and changing consumer preferences will fuel anincreased demand for animal products. The current urban demand is met mainly by the commercialpig and poultry industries, but the smallholder mixed farming systems, where over 95% of animals arefound, will be expected in the future to increase supplies, principally from intensification andspecialisation.4. The rainfed AEZs are vulnerable to resource degradation, particularly in the uplands where there arelarge numbers of resource-poor farmers practising shifting cultivation. There is widespread povertyand concerns of equity and the environment. Animals are often the main means for income generation(e.g. in the Lao PDR and Cambodia 45–56% of total farm income) and the improvement of livelihoods.Increased resource allocation for research on crop–animal systems in the two target AEZs is clearlynecessary in the context of the need for more food, greater equity and also environmental considerations.Guiding principlesIt is appropriate to keep in perspective the guiding principles for research to improve animal production inmixed farming systems in the two AEZs. These principles include:• A clear definition of priorities within production systems, species and commodities.• Research must be problem-solving, and must have application and fuel development.• Research and development programmes should address major constraints, real needs, and generate newknowledge and products. The programmes need to ensure technology delivery to clients, e.g. NARSand farmers, and include training opportunities.• Institutional commitment to demand-led research that is multidisciplinary and systems-orientated.• The comparative advantage for research of individual public and private sector organisations must berecognised and strong linkages promoted. The development process can also be enhanced significantlyby promoting symbiotic relationships with the private sector, extension services, the NGOs andcommunity organisations. Active partnerships between NARS and these groups, with ILRI acting asfacilitator, can extend impact.• Research programmes must acknowledge current concerns on poverty alleviation, food security,environment, equity, gender and sustainability.