Table 7.Ma<strong>in</strong> crop–animal <strong>in</strong>teractions <strong>in</strong> mixed farm<strong>in</strong>g systems.<strong>Crop</strong> production<strong>Crop</strong>s provide a range <strong>of</strong> residues and by-products thatcan be utilised by rum<strong>in</strong>ants and non-rum<strong>in</strong>ants.Native pastures, improved pastures and cover-cropsgrow<strong>in</strong>g under perennial tree crops can provide graz<strong>in</strong>gfor rum<strong>in</strong>ants.<strong>Crop</strong>p<strong>in</strong>g systems such as alley-cropp<strong>in</strong>g can providetree forage for rum<strong>in</strong>ants.<strong>Animal</strong> productionLarge rum<strong>in</strong>ants provide power for operations such asland preparation and for soil conservation practices.Both rum<strong>in</strong>ants and non-rum<strong>in</strong>ants provide manure forthe ma<strong>in</strong>tenance and improvement <strong>of</strong> soil fertility. Inmany farm<strong>in</strong>g systems it is the only source <strong>of</strong> nutrientsfor cropp<strong>in</strong>g. Manure can be applied to the land or, as <strong>in</strong>non-rum<strong>in</strong>ant systems <strong>in</strong> South-East Asia, to the waterwhich is applied to vegetables whose residues are thenused by non-rum<strong>in</strong>ants.The sale <strong>of</strong> animal products and the hir<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>of</strong> draftanimals can provide cash such as fertiliser and pesticidesused <strong>in</strong> crop production.<strong>Animal</strong>s graz<strong>in</strong>g vegetation under tree crops can controlweeds and reduce the use <strong>of</strong> herbicides <strong>in</strong> farm<strong>in</strong>gsystems.<strong>Animal</strong>s provide entry-po<strong>in</strong>ts for the <strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>of</strong>improved forages <strong>in</strong>to cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems. Herbaceousforages can be undersown <strong>in</strong> annual and perennial cropsand shrubs or trees established as hedgerows <strong>in</strong>agr<strong>of</strong>orestry-based cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems.<strong>Animal</strong> feeds from crops<strong>Crop</strong> production provides a range <strong>of</strong> residues and AIBP that can be utilised by rum<strong>in</strong>ants and non-rum<strong>in</strong>ants.These <strong>in</strong>clude cereal straws (e.g. rice and maize), sugar-cane tops, gra<strong>in</strong> legume haulms (e.g. peanut andcowpea) root crop tops and v<strong>in</strong>es (e.g. cassava and sweet potato), oilseed cakes and meals (e.g. oil palm kernelcake, cottonseed cake and copra cake), rice bran, p<strong>in</strong>eapple and citrus pulp, cocoa pod husks, c<strong>of</strong>fee seedpulp and bagasse.In Asia, rice straw is the pr<strong>in</strong>cipal fibrous residue fed to over 90% <strong>of</strong> the rum<strong>in</strong>ants. Devendra (1996b)has calculated that 30.4% <strong>of</strong> rice straw is used for feed <strong>in</strong> the ASEAN sub-region, the Mekong countries,Mongolia and Ch<strong>in</strong>a. In <strong>in</strong>dividual countries such as Thailand, the use <strong>of</strong> straw for animal feed is significantlyhigher. Wanapat (1990), for example, has calculated that 75% <strong>of</strong> rice straw from ra<strong>in</strong>fed upland farms and82% from lowland farms are collected for use as feed.Non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) are identified separately and <strong>in</strong>clude all those products thathave not been used traditionally <strong>in</strong> animal feed<strong>in</strong>g. These feeds are diverse and <strong>in</strong>clude palm oil mill effluentand rubber seed meal (Indonesia and Malaysia), cocoa pod husks (Malaysia), p<strong>in</strong>eapple waste (the Philipp<strong>in</strong>esand Malaysia), cassava pomace (Malaysia and Thailand), distiller solubles and poultry litter. It has beenestimated that the total availability <strong>of</strong> feed resources (other than grasses) from traditional and NCFR <strong>in</strong> theregion is 199 million tonnes, with NCFR form<strong>in</strong>g about 47% (Devendra 1992). Approximately 80% <strong>of</strong> thetotal feed available is potentially best suited for feed<strong>in</strong>g to rum<strong>in</strong>ants. However, it is also recognised thatsocio-economic factors are important <strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g their use.Weed control<strong>Animal</strong>s graz<strong>in</strong>g vegetation under perennial tree crops such as rubber, oil-palm and coconut can control weedsand reduce the costs <strong>of</strong> herbicide use. In rubber, the cost <strong>of</strong> herbicides can be as much as 30% <strong>of</strong> the totalcost <strong>of</strong> production <strong>in</strong> the early years <strong>of</strong> the plantation. Most <strong>of</strong> the native vegetation <strong>of</strong> grasses, legumes andbroad-leaved plants (<strong>of</strong>ten 60–70% <strong>of</strong> floristic composition), found <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ter-rows <strong>of</strong> rubber plantations,
Table 8.CountryCambodiaCh<strong>in</strong>aIndonesiaLao-PDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilipp<strong>in</strong>esThailandVietnamSome examples <strong>of</strong> crop–animal <strong>in</strong>teractions <strong>in</strong> South-East Asia.InteractionsUse <strong>of</strong> buffaloes for draft power <strong>in</strong> rice production <strong>in</strong> Siem Reap Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> rice straw by buffaloes <strong>in</strong> Siem Reap Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> manure from large rum<strong>in</strong>ants for rice production <strong>in</strong> Siem Reap Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> manure from dairy cattle for triticale and rice production <strong>in</strong> Beij<strong>in</strong>g municipality.Use <strong>of</strong> manure from pigs for maize and rice production <strong>in</strong> Hunan Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> manure from black goats for vegetable production <strong>in</strong> Hunan Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> buffaloes and cattle for draft <strong>in</strong> Hunan Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> cattle for weed control under rubber <strong>in</strong> Ha<strong>in</strong>an Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> manure from stall-fed rum<strong>in</strong>ants for rice/maize/gra<strong>in</strong> legumes production <strong>in</strong> upland Java.Introduction <strong>of</strong> improved forages <strong>in</strong> cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems for use by cattle on Bali.Use <strong>of</strong> cattle for draft power <strong>in</strong> rice production <strong>in</strong> southern Sumatera.Use <strong>of</strong> buffaloes and cattle for animal traction <strong>in</strong> Luang Prabang Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> manure from large rum<strong>in</strong>ants for application to rice seedbeds <strong>in</strong> Luang Prabang Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> large and small rum<strong>in</strong>ants for weed control and manure application under rubber and oil palm.Introduction <strong>of</strong> improved forages under rubber and oil palm for utilisation by large and small rum<strong>in</strong>ants.Use <strong>of</strong> cattle for land preparation <strong>in</strong> rice production <strong>in</strong> Bago Division.Utilisation <strong>of</strong> rice straw by cattle <strong>in</strong> Bago Division.Use <strong>of</strong> cattle manure for rice production <strong>in</strong> Bago Division.Use <strong>of</strong> small rum<strong>in</strong>ants for weed control under coconut <strong>in</strong> southern Luzon.Use <strong>of</strong> manure from cattle feedlots for p<strong>in</strong>eapple production <strong>in</strong> Northern M<strong>in</strong>danao.Use <strong>of</strong> ducks <strong>in</strong> rice paddies to control golden snails (rice pests) <strong>in</strong> southern Luzon.Utilisation <strong>of</strong> rice straw by cattle and buffaloes <strong>in</strong> the North-east Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> manure from stall-fed large rum<strong>in</strong>ants for rice production <strong>in</strong> the North-east Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> buffaloes for draft power <strong>in</strong> rice production <strong>in</strong> the North-east Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> buffaloes for draft power <strong>in</strong> rice production <strong>in</strong> Song Be Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Utilisation by buffaloes <strong>of</strong> crop residues <strong>in</strong> Song Be Prov<strong>in</strong>ce.Use <strong>of</strong> weeds by ducks <strong>in</strong> ponds fertilised by pig manure <strong>in</strong> central and north-eastern areas.is acceptable to rum<strong>in</strong>ants such as sheep. Compared to us<strong>in</strong>g herbicides, which need protective measures tom<strong>in</strong>imise contam<strong>in</strong>ation, the use <strong>of</strong> sheep is safer for the operator and the environment. In Malaysia, it is alsoa practical and important method for the expansion <strong>of</strong> sheep production, which can <strong>in</strong>crease the returns perunit area <strong>of</strong> land.Introduction <strong>of</strong> improved foragesThe <strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>of</strong> improved forage species for rum<strong>in</strong>ants can promote the susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>of</strong> cropp<strong>in</strong>gsystems. In addition to their feed<strong>in</strong>g value, which is well-documented, improved forages (particularlylegumes) can make an important contribution to erosion control by provid<strong>in</strong>g cover and to <strong>in</strong>creased soilfertility by enhanc<strong>in</strong>g nutrient and organic matter levels. Options <strong>in</strong>clude the undersow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> food crops suchas rice with annual or perennial herbaceous legumes as <strong>in</strong>ter-crops or relay-crops; the <strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>of</strong>legum<strong>in</strong>ous leys as sequence-crops <strong>in</strong> rotations; the improvement <strong>of</strong> natural fallows with legumes; theestablishment <strong>of</strong> legum<strong>in</strong>ous cover-crops <strong>in</strong> perennial tree crop plantations; and the development <strong>of</strong>
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The availability of feed in rubber
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Constraints and opportunitiesInadeq
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otations are practised, and there a
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large areas of forests (3.4 million
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Appendix IIItineraryThe Philippines
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26 November 1996 am Visit to small
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Appendix IIIList of persons metPhil
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Mr Chhiv Nan, Acting Director, Depa
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Dr U Maung Ngint, Managing Director
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List of acronymsAARDACIARADBAEZAIBP