Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in ...

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Table A4. Continued.Project TitleOn-farm crop–livestock farmingsystem research on the utilisationof crop residues and other farmby-products on the growth andbreeding performance of goats inuplands, Zamboanga City,Mindanao island group (1987–90).Integration of forage productionwith cropping systems plus goatsin uplands, Camarines Sur, A87Luzon island group (1988–90).On-farm verification trial onliveweight gain on goat fed oncrop residues with concentratesupplementation in uplands,Davao City, Mindanao islandgroup (1992–93).SheepUtilisation of banana stalks, leavesand fodder tree leaves as feeds forgrowing sheep,Leyte,Visayasisland group (Dates:NA).Response of sheep grazed onimproved/unimproved pasturewith concentrate supplementationunder coconut in uplands,Mindanao island group (Dates:NA).SwineHog fattening using indigenousfeeds utilising rice bran as base,Surigao del Norte, Mindanaoisland group (1987–89).Utilisation of cowpea for swine andpoultry production, Cavite andPangasinan, Luzon island group(Dates: NA).(Coconuts + pineapple + taro) +swine fattening, Cavite, Luzonisland group (1988–90).PoultryIntegration of poultry in lowlandrice-based cropping pattern,Region 9, Mindanao island group(1988–90).Rice–mungbean + native chickenin rainfed lowland, Eastern Samar,Visayas island group (1989–91).Animals andcrops producedGoats, riceand peanut.Goats, maize,Mango,Leucaena.Goats andmaize.Sheep,banana,Leucaena andGliricidia.Sheep andcoconut.Pigs and riceSheep,banana,Leucaena andGliricidia.Pigs, coconut,pineapple andtaro.Chicken andrice.Chicken, riceand mungbean.Interventions testedImproved goatmanagement.Feeding.Leucaena forage forgoats.Improved managementand concentratesupplementation.A: Banana stalk andleaves of Leucaena,concentrate.B: Banana stalks, leaves,Gliricidia.Planting of improvedgrass, concentratesupplementation.Improved feeding,management.Estimated profitFarmerpractice/controlUS$ 421/yearFarmer:US$ 333US$ 366 after8 monthsExperimentalUS$ 883/yearSystem 1:US$ 914System 11:US$ 608US$ 546US$ 79 A: US$ 144B: US$ 87US$ 451/yearUS$ 32 at 8-months oldSupplements. NA NAImproved feeding. NA NAFeed supplementation.Better managementpractice.US$ 611/yearUS$ 72US$ 890 US$ 1692Not clear. NA NA
Table A4. Continued.Project TitleGoat and sheepSmall ruminant/coconut systems inthe uplands, Laguna, Luzon islandgroup (1991–93).Rice + backyard duck production inlowland irrigated area inCamarines Sur, Luzon islandgroup (1991–92).Rice + duck–rice + duck in lowlandirrigated area, Luzon island group(1991–93).Animals andcrops producedSheep andgoat, coconut.Interventions testedImproved Pasture.Improved animalmanagement.Estimated profitFarmerpractice/controlExperimentalDucks and rice. Technology verification. NA 30% higherthan controlDucks and rice. Technology verification.Integration of ducks.NANAUS$ 561. US$ 739Exchange Rate: Before 1990, US$ 1 = P15, after 1990, US$ 1 = P25 approximately.Government policies and regulationsTable A5 summarises the macro-economic and agricultural sector-specific policies currently in force and theirlikely impacts on the animal sub-sector, particularly in the smallholder mixed farming systems. However,empirical estimation of the impacts of these policies are not available. The effects of macro-economic policies,e.g.exchangeratetariffsandquotas, are indirect and havenot alwaysbeen addressedbyfarmingsystemsresearchworkers (Paris and Sevilla 1995). However, it is essential to consider the sector-specific policy issues in designingtechnology options and their testing in real farm conditions, and the macro-economic issues in assessing the realor socialbenefitsof improved technologies. Asmentioned earlier, thedesignandeconomicevaluation of on-farmtechnology interventions did not address these issues.ThailandEnvironment and cropping systemsFor the purposes of this study, primary emphasis is placed on north-east Thailand (latitude 14–19° North),in line with Thai Government policy for the future development of animal production in the country. This isone of the poorest regions with one-third of the human population of the country. Although the region ispredominantly sub-humid, there may be small areas where the climate can be described as semi-arid. It is theleast productive region in the kingdom (Wanapat 1995) and probably has similarities with eastern Indonesia,which was not visited. The region is a plateau (100–200 m altitude) with only 20% of the land suitable forirrigation. Approximately 7.0 million ha are used for rice production and the growing of upland field crops(mostly cassava, kenaf, maize and fruit), approximately 2.0 million ha are in forest and 5.5 million ha areunclassified. This contrasts with the other countries visited, where intensive crop cultivation did not allowfor the presence of large areas for grazing. The climate is tropical monsoonal with rainfall averaging 1200mm annually, and a distinct dry season from December to May, which has implications for animal feedavailability. Rainfall distribution is a problem, with irregularities in the wet season that can affect crop growth.There is also variation in rainfall between years. Soils are texturally sandy loams or loamy sands with lowlevels of fertility, low organic matter content and poor moisture-retention capacity which accentuates theeffects of the relatively low rainfall. Erosion has been a problem on the sandy soils associated with theproduction of cassava. However, the area of cassava is now declining, and is being replaced by sugar-cane,which also offers opportunities for animal feed.Cropping patterns are not as diverse as in the other countries visited, which is probably related to rainfall.The dominant crop is rice, with both irrigated and rainfed varieties being planted. In many situations, no
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Affiliation of Authors:Dr C. Devend
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6.Strategyfor researchJustification
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AcknowledgementsThe International L
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esearch opportunities appropriate t
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Table 1.Animal populations and meat
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Introduction2. Characterisation and
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Figure 2. Sub-humid tropics and sub
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Table 3.Human and animal population
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Table 5. Rice-growing environments
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Multiple upland annual crop systems
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Table 6. Continued.Country Importan
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It should be noted that, compared w
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Table 8.CountryCambodiaChinaIndones
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of non-renewable fossil fuels and t
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Overview of researchThere was a sur
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• Identification of alternative c
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Various animal production systems t
Page 37 and 38: Presently, much of the vegetable pr
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Summary of the main socio
Page 41 and 42: Table 11. Institutions and organisa
Page 43 and 44: 3. In the ASEAN sub-region, inadequ
Page 45 and 46: Table 12. Continued.SituationsPract
Page 47 and 48: 6. Strategy for researchJustificati
Page 49 and 50: Table 13. Priorities for research a
Page 51 and 52: VietnamResearch capacity in NARS is
Page 53 and 54: CRIFC (Central Research Institute f
Page 55 and 56: IAS. 1995. Proceedings of the Works
Page 57 and 58: Systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Volu
Page 59 and 60: or waterlogged in the wet season an
Page 61 and 62: Table A1. Important diseases of ani
Page 63 and 64: • Increased cropping intensities,
Page 65 and 66: the animal output came from pigs al
Page 67 and 68: 18-21° North, with an average rain
Page 69 and 70: In the Nusa Tenggara islands, signi
Page 71 and 72: Women work 11.5 h/day on average co
Page 73 and 74: Various Australian forage projects
Page 75 and 76: village production systems; to stud
Page 77 and 78: The availability of feed in rubber
Page 79 and 80: of the Ayeyarwady and Sittang river
Page 81 and 82: Constraints and opportunitiesInadeq
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Page 85 and 86: Table A3. Characterisation of crop-
Page 87: Table A4. Interventions in crop-ani
Page 91 and 92: otations are practised, and there a
Page 93 and 94: such as abortion. Vaccination cover
Page 95 and 96: large areas of forests (3.4 million
Page 97 and 98: Table A6. Some animal diseases repo
Page 99 and 100: Appendix IIItineraryThe Philippines
Page 101 and 102: 26 November 1996 am Visit to small
Page 103 and 104: Appendix IIIList of persons metPhil
Page 105 and 106: Mr Chhiv Nan, Acting Director, Depa
Page 107 and 108: Dr U Maung Ngint, Managing Director
Page 109: List of acronymsAARDACIARADBAEZAIBP
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