Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in ...

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Indonesia is the second largest coconut producer after the Philippines with 3.0 million ha (Sondakh andKaligis 1991). Approximately 10 million people obtain a living from coconuts on farms ranging from 0.5–8.0ha. The most important coconut-growing area is north Sulawesi, with approximately 10% of the area. Some35% of the coconut land is used for inter-cropping under both traditional tall palms and hybrid palms. Cropsgrown include rice, maize, soyabean, peanut, cassava and sweet potato. Inter-cropping is possible only whenpalms are not planted too closely e.g.
In the Nusa Tenggara islands, significant areas of native grasslands occur, which are grazed continuouslythroughout the year by large ruminants and goats. These grazing lands are communal and are, therefore, usedby large numbers of animals (30–50 per farm). Animals are sometimes supplemented with bananapseudostems, and L. leucocephala was widespread in the island group before the arrival of the psyllid pest.More recently, G. sepium and Calliandra spp have been introduced. Grasslands are also found on Sulawesiwhilst, on Irian Jaya, grazing can take place in forest areas. These islands provide the main source of meatanimals for the lucrative markets on Java. Several thousands of hectares of rubber and oil palm, grownextensively in south Sumatera in transmigration schemes, and large areas of coconut throughout thearchipelago provide good opportunities for grazing with ruminants.Feed resourcesIn quantitative terms, the overall feed availability for ruminants is probably in excess of requirements, but iscompounded by distribution and location. On islands such as Sumatera surpluses are apparent, butdeficiencies are likely on Java and the drier eastern islands of Nusa Tenggara and Irian Jaya. Opportunitiesexist for the integration of forages with perennial tree crops such as rubber and oil palm, and with food cropsthrough inter-cropping and alley-cropping. Fodder-banks could be established in the more extensivegrassland areas, whilst the three-strata system, developed on Bali, also has potential for these regions. Farmerscomplain that they do not plant improved pastures because they cannot get seed.Most ruminants feed on native vegetation on roadsides, on wasteland and in fallows and crop stubbles.Cattle are stall-fed or tethered in the wet season to protect crops. Food-crop production generates a varietyof crop residues and by-products from rice, maize, cassava, peanut and soyabean which are also utilised,particularly in the dry season in the case of ruminants. Additional purchased feeds for dairy production dependon their availability and access to credit. Concentrate feeds are seldom used for meat production. There is aneed to integrate these crop-derived resources with forages in order to develop year-round feeding systemscompatible with animal requirements.Animal health and diseasesA list of diseases reported in Indonesia is given by Campbell (1992). These include viral and rickettsialdiseases in ruminants (e.g. bovine malignant catarrh), bacterial and fungal diseases (e.g. haemorrhagicsepticaemia, anthrax and blackleg) and parasitic diseases (e.g. anaplasmosis, trypanosomiasis andfascioliasis). Indonesia is now free from foot-and-mouth disease. Buffaloes on Java are infected withtrypanosomiasis more frequently than cattle. Indonesian thin-tailed sheep are resistant to liver fluke.Metabolic disorders have been noted in stall-feeding systems and in those where ruminants graze undermature rubber trees. Bloat has occurred in goats in stall-feeding systems in south Sumatera, and appears tobe associated with diets of lush grass and a lack of browse. Death has occurred in animals eating rubber seedswhich can be high in cyanogenic glucosides, and in animals consuming latex due to obstruction of thegastrointestinal tract.Major constraints to improved animal health include credit to seek veterinary services and access toimproved and effective drugs and vaccines. Farmers in northern Sumatera have organised a promising privateanimal health delivery network to make anthelmintics available for small ruminants. Farmers are recognisingthe benefits and are willing to pay for drugs. In a comparison of three delivery channels (extension workers,small animal product stores at district level and traders), extension workers were found to be the most effectivemechanism for distribution in terms of cost. Small farmers also use traditional medicines, e.g. papayaproducts, to treat internal parasites in small ruminants.Socio-economic aspectsUseful work, involving multi-disciplinary teams, has been undertaken on crop–animal systems at three sitesin the transmigration areas of south Sumatera. The government provided 5.0 ha of land to each migrantconsisting of 2.0 ha of rubber, 2.0 ha of food crops and 1.0 ha for the home garden. Animals (1 cow, 3 goatsand 11 chicken) were introduced to develop an appropriate model for the mixed system. The work was
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Affiliation of Authors:Dr C. Devend
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6.Strategyfor researchJustification
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AcknowledgementsThe International L
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esearch opportunities appropriate t
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Table 1.Animal populations and meat
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Introduction2. Characterisation and
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Figure 2. Sub-humid tropics and sub
Page 17 and 18: Table 3.Human and animal population
Page 19 and 20: Table 5. Rice-growing environments
Page 21 and 22: Multiple upland annual crop systems
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Continued.Country Importan
Page 25 and 26: It should be noted that, compared w
Page 27 and 28: Table 8.CountryCambodiaChinaIndones
Page 29 and 30: of non-renewable fossil fuels and t
Page 31 and 32: Overview of researchThere was a sur
Page 33 and 34: • Identification of alternative c
Page 35 and 36: Various animal production systems t
Page 37 and 38: Presently, much of the vegetable pr
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Summary of the main socio
Page 41 and 42: Table 11. Institutions and organisa
Page 43 and 44: 3. In the ASEAN sub-region, inadequ
Page 45 and 46: Table 12. Continued.SituationsPract
Page 47 and 48: 6. Strategy for researchJustificati
Page 49 and 50: Table 13. Priorities for research a
Page 51 and 52: VietnamResearch capacity in NARS is
Page 53 and 54: CRIFC (Central Research Institute f
Page 55 and 56: IAS. 1995. Proceedings of the Works
Page 57 and 58: Systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Volu
Page 59 and 60: or waterlogged in the wet season an
Page 61 and 62: Table A1. Important diseases of ani
Page 63 and 64: • Increased cropping intensities,
Page 65 and 66: the animal output came from pigs al
Page 67: 18-21° North, with an average rain
Page 71 and 72: Women work 11.5 h/day on average co
Page 73 and 74: Various Australian forage projects
Page 75 and 76: village production systems; to stud
Page 77 and 78: The availability of feed in rubber
Page 79 and 80: of the Ayeyarwady and Sittang river
Page 81 and 82: Constraints and opportunitiesInadeq
Page 83 and 84: gaining in importance, and signific
Page 85 and 86: Table A3. Characterisation of crop-
Page 87 and 88: Table A4. Interventions in crop-ani
Page 89 and 90: Table A4. Continued.Project TitleGo
Page 91 and 92: otations are practised, and there a
Page 93 and 94: such as abortion. Vaccination cover
Page 95 and 96: large areas of forests (3.4 million
Page 97 and 98: Table A6. Some animal diseases repo
Page 99 and 100: Appendix IIItineraryThe Philippines
Page 101 and 102: 26 November 1996 am Visit to small
Page 103 and 104: Appendix IIIList of persons metPhil
Page 105 and 106: Mr Chhiv Nan, Acting Director, Depa
Page 107 and 108: Dr U Maung Ngint, Managing Director
Page 109: List of acronymsAARDACIARADBAEZAIBP
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