Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

5. Key researchable issues in crop–animal systemsFollowing from the previous chapters on characterisation and the importance of AEZs, the review of theliterature, the identification of research opportunities, and the assessment of the status of research on anddevelopment of crop–animal systems in nine countries in South-East Asia, the key researchable issues cannow be identified.Table 12 presents a situational analysis of the two target AEZs and the two production systems, andemphasises the key researchable issues in four main areas, namely, feed resources and ruminant nutrition,animal genetic resources, animal health and diseases, and socio-economics and policy. The need for trainingand information exchange is also highlighted.Table 12. Situational analysis of crop–animal systems in the lowlands and uplands.SituationsLowlandsIn terms of relative soil moisture stress, AEZapproximates to the humid areas with >270 daysgrowing period.Characterised by slopes up to 8%, relatively morearable land.Human populations are higher.Production of food grains important.Rice-based systems involve ruminants andnon-ruminants.Buffalo populations are lower, but cattle numbers arehigher than in the irrigated areas.Output of ruminant meat is higher than in the uplands.Total value of animal products is twice that of theuplands.UplandsIn terms of relative soil moisture stress, approximatesto sub-humid areas with 180–270 days growingperiod.Characterised by slopes of 8–18%, less arable land.Fragile environment with soils of low fertility.Human populations are lower and poorer.Annual and perennial crops grown.Relatively lower populations of ruminants, butsignificant numbers of non-ruminants.Output of ruminant meats lower thanin lowlands, but milk production higher.Native pigs, poultry, goats and sheep make asignificant contribution to subsistence farming andhousehold incomes.Major opportunities for integration of ruminants withperennial tree crops.Annual food crop systemsDominant systems based on rice.Multiple cropping and manure application practisedin many areas.Major systems for integration of ruminants andnon-ruminants, particularly in the Mekong countriesand South China.IssuesInadequate understanding of the methodologies usedfor integration of animals in annual food crop systems.Inadequate information on systems analysis,economic and environmental impacts.Major constraints are feed resources and nutrition.Need to develop sustainable crop–animal systems.Environmental degradation associated with shiftingcultivation.Land degradation associated with common propertygrazing.Inadequate understanding of the methodologies usedfor integration of animals in perennial tree cropsystems.Inadequate understanding of systems analysis,economic and environmental impacts.Inadequate interdisciplinary research on improvednatural resource management and use.Major constraints are feed resources and nutrition.Need to develop sustainable crop–animal systems.Inadequate information on seasonality of feed supplyand synchronisation with year-round animalrequirements.Little use of improved pastures.Need to reduce erosion and weed infestation inuplands in shifting cultivation systems.
Table 12. Continued.SituationsPractised by resource-poor farmers, particularly inuplands under shifting cultivation.Natural resource management problems, particularlyunder shifting cultivation.Availability of a wide range of crop residues andAIBP as feeds.Animals commonly tethered or stall-fed.Perennial tree crop systemsMainly coconuts, oil palm, rubber and fruits.Significant land areas under these systems in theASEAN sub-region.Significant ownership by smallholders.Large amounts of understorey herbage and AIBPavailable as feeds.Improved pasture species available, includingleguminous cover crops.Important source of uncontrolled grazing for cattleand small ruminants in some areas.Feed resources and ruminant nutritionTables of feed composition available in mostcountries.Considerable research on treatment of cereal straws.Abundance of feed resources in many areas.Scarce on-farm protein supplements in othersituations.Wide range of improved grasses and herbaceouslegumes available.Multipurpose trees used.Grazing largely uncontrolled.Animal genetic resourcesWide range of well-adapted indigenous breeds.Existence of desirable traits for environmentaladaptation including disease resistance in indigenousbreeds.Animal health and diseasesDisease diagnosis is generally weak.Animal diseases more important in the Mekong countries.Foot-and-mouth disease, haemorrhagic septicaemia,anthrax, malignant catarrhal fever andneo-ascariosis(in calves) occur in large ruminants.Internal parasites are important in small ruminants.Swine fever and Newcastle disease important for pigsand poultry.IssuesInadequate quantities of good-quality manure fornutrient cycling and crop production.Need to develop sustainable food–animal feedsystems.Decline in pasture production after five years,particularly in rubber and oil palm.Inadequate information on seasonality of feed supplyand synchronisation with year-round animalrequirements.Inefficient use of available pasture and controlledgrazing.Resource degradation from animalcompaction and potential damage to trees.Relatively little use of leguminous cover crops,particularly under coconut.Inventories of feed resources not available in allcountriesInadequate synchronisation of available feedresources with year-round animal requirements.Little information on the strategic use ofsupplementation in the dry season.Inadequate identification of protein supplements.Limited methodologies to improve processing offorage protein sources to increase nutritive value.Limited availability of pest-resistant multipurposetree germplasm, particularly for acid soils.Poor adoption of improved pastures and inadequateexploitation of on-farm niches.Absence of improved grazing management systems,particularly under perennial tree crops.Inadequate characterisation of indigenous breeds.Poor utilisation of indigenous breeds.Little selection for disease resistance withinindigenous breeds.Limited work on epidemiology and pathogenidentification.Uncontrolled movement of animals across bordersassociated with the spread of infectious diseases.Poor veterinary services and inputs in the Mekongcountries.Lack of application of vector delivery mechanisms,e.g. malignant catarrhal fever.
Page 2 and 3: Affiliation of Authors:Dr C. Devend
Page 4 and 5: 6.Strategyfor researchJustification
Page 7 and 8: AcknowledgementsThe International L
Page 9 and 10: esearch opportunities appropriate t
Page 11 and 12: Table 1.Animal populations and meat
Page 13 and 14: Introduction2. Characterisation and
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2. Sub-humid tropics and sub
Page 17 and 18: Table 3.Human and animal population
Page 19 and 20: Table 5. Rice-growing environments
Page 21 and 22: Multiple upland annual crop systems
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Continued.Country Importan
Page 25 and 26: It should be noted that, compared w
Page 27 and 28: Table 8.CountryCambodiaChinaIndones
Page 29 and 30: of non-renewable fossil fuels and t
Page 31 and 32: Overview of researchThere was a sur
Page 33 and 34: • Identification of alternative c
Page 35 and 36: Various animal production systems t
Page 37 and 38: Presently, much of the vegetable pr
Page 39 and 40: Table 10. Summary of the main socio
Page 41 and 42: Table 11. Institutions and organisa
Page 43: 3. In the ASEAN sub-region, inadequ
Page 47 and 48: 6. Strategy for researchJustificati
Page 49 and 50: Table 13. Priorities for research a
Page 51 and 52: VietnamResearch capacity in NARS is
Page 53 and 54: CRIFC (Central Research Institute f
Page 55 and 56: IAS. 1995. Proceedings of the Works
Page 57 and 58: Systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Volu
Page 59 and 60: or waterlogged in the wet season an
Page 61 and 62: Table A1. Important diseases of ani
Page 63 and 64: • Increased cropping intensities,
Page 65 and 66: the animal output came from pigs al
Page 67 and 68: 18-21° North, with an average rain
Page 69 and 70: In the Nusa Tenggara islands, signi
Page 71 and 72: Women work 11.5 h/day on average co
Page 73 and 74: Various Australian forage projects
Page 75 and 76: village production systems; to stud
Page 77 and 78: The availability of feed in rubber
Page 79 and 80: of the Ayeyarwady and Sittang river
Page 81 and 82: Constraints and opportunitiesInadeq
Page 83 and 84: gaining in importance, and signific
Page 85 and 86: Table A3. Characterisation of crop-
Page 87 and 88: Table A4. Interventions in crop-ani
Page 89 and 90: Table A4. Continued.Project TitleGo
Page 91 and 92: otations are practised, and there a
Page 93 and 94: such as abortion. Vaccination cover
Page 95 and 96:
large areas of forests (3.4 million
Page 97 and 98:
Table A6. Some animal diseases repo
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix IIItineraryThe Philippines
Page 101 and 102:
26 November 1996 am Visit to small
Page 103 and 104:
Appendix IIIList of persons metPhil
Page 105 and 106:
Mr Chhiv Nan, Acting Director, Depa
Page 107 and 108:
Dr U Maung Ngint, Managing Director
Page 109:
List of acronymsAARDACIARADBAEZAIBP
show all

Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?