Suicide Among Aboriginal People in Canada - Institut universitaire ...

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Chapter 2are only a portion of those affected. For example, admission records of a regional hospital in northwesternOntario showed average rates of hospitalization for attempted suicide by drug overdose of 35.7/1,000(range 20.7–44.2) for five Native communities compared to 4.3/1,000 for non-Native communities inthe same geographical region (Shkilnyk, 1985).A study of the general population in Labrador (of which 34% is Aboriginal) found that 210.2/100,000per year had been hospitalized for suicide attempts over the three-year period from 1998 to 2000(Alaghehbandan, Gates, and MacDonald, 2005).The Quebec Health Surveys of the Cree in 1991 and the Inuit in 1992 found that the Inuit had greatlyelevated rates of attempted suicide, while the Cree had lower rates of suicide attempts than the generalpopulation. The Cree survey involved a random sample of 400 households in 9 Cree communities ofJames Bay. On average, 2 per cent of Crees reported a suicide attempt in the preceding 12 months;suicide rates ranged from 3.9 per cent among 15 to 24 years old to 0 per cent of those 45 years of age orolder (Clarkson et al., 1992). The 1992 Santé Québec Inuit survey, which obtained data on 203 personsbetween the ages of 15 and 24 years of age, found that 38 per cent of the sample had suicidal ideation,22 per cent reported having attempted suicide in their lifetime, and 13 per cent had attempted suicidein the year before the survey (Kirmayer, Boothroyd, and Hodgins, 1998). A community survey of 99Inuit youth (ages 14–25) in one settlement on the east coast of Hudson’s Bay, using an adaptation ofthe U.S. Adolescent Health Survey instrument, found a lifetime rate of attempted suicide of 34 percent (Kirmayer, Malus, and Boothroyd, 1996). As an index of severity, 11 per cent of suicide attemptsresulted in an injury. Fully 5 per cent of individuals reported that they had made a suicide attempt in thelast month. Only 16 per cent of those who had ever made an attempt reported seeing a doctor, nurse, orother health professional in relation to this attempt.In a population survey in the Calgary region from 1999 to 2002, Aboriginal people were 3 times more likelythan the general population in the Calgary Health Region to sustain injuries due to suicide (Karmali et al.,2005). The 2002/2003 Regional Longitudinal Health Survey of 10,962 First Nation adults found that15.8 per cent had made a suicide attempt in their lifetime (First Nations Centre, 2005). Females were morelikely than males to have made an attempt (18.5% vs. 13.1%). Fully 30.9 per cent of people reported havinghad suicidal thoughts during their lifetime and there was no significant gender difference.Age DifferencesSuicide among Aboriginal people in Canada mainly affects youth from the ages of 14 to 24. In the FirstNation population in 2000, 22 per cent of all deaths in youth (aged 10–19) and 16 per cent of all deathsin early adults (aged 20–44) were due to suicide (Health Canada, 2005).In the North American general population, suicide rates vary markedly over the lifespan. Suicide underthe age of 12 is very uncommon (Hawton, 1986; Ryland and Kruesi, 1992). The rate increases over theteenage years to reach a peak at about the ages of 23 to 25 and then declines until 60 to 65 when it showsa second smaller peak (Tsuang, Simpson, and Fleming, 1992). Between 1980 and 1994, rates of suicidefor both men and women, and both blacks and whites, had a bimodal distribution with increasing ratesof suicide among the young (10–19) and the elderly (75+) (Chaudron and Remington, 1999). Suicideis the second leading cause of death, following accidents, among 15 to 24 year olds in North America(Rosenberg et al., 1987).21
Chapter 2This pattern of age trends is similar but amplified in the Aboriginal population (see Figures 2-8 and2‐9). A status Indian adolescent is five to six times more likely to die from suicide than the averageCanadian adolescent. After age 70, the rate among status Indians actually drops below that for thegeneral population. This same pattern has been found among American Indians and Alaska Natives inthe United States (Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 1989; Kettl and Bixler, 1991). The rate ofcompleted suicide among American Indian elders is significantly lower than the rate among their non-Native counterparts in the general population (Baker, 1994).Figure 2-8) Comparison of Suicide Rates by Age Group, First Nations and Canadian Population,1989–1993140Rate per 100,000 population120100806040200First Nation MalesFirst Nation FemalesCanadian MalesCanadian Females0-14 15-24 25-3435-4445-5455-64 65+Source: Lemchuk-Favel, 1996.22
Page 1 and 2: Suicide Among Aboriginal Peoplein C
Page 3 and 4: Aboriginal Healing Foundation75 Alb
Page 6 and 7: Table of ContentsPreface...........
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsCultural and Lingu
Page 10: PrefaceThis report was prepared und
Page 14 and 15: GlossaryAmbivalence - Ambivalence r
Page 16 and 17: GlossaryParasuicide - Any acute, in
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1IntroductionWhen I was 14
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 1Definitions of Suicide and
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 1Methods of Studying Suicid
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1suicide attempts (Marttune
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1A central problem for cros
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2The Epidemiology of Suicid
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2the economic status of Abo
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2No study to date has syste
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2Despite the overall patter
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 2Figure 2-6) Average Annual
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2Figure 2-9) Suicide Rates
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2Indeed, the rising rate of
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2Figure 2-11) Number of Dea
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 2Rate per 100,000 populatio
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2There are only a handful o
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 3Origins of Suicide: Indivi
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 3Anxiety disorders also car
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 3Many of the factors associ
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3American Indians compared
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 3genetic and constitutional
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3Single-parent families are
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3Hopelessness, Problem Solv
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3higher rates of suicidal b
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3Physical EnvironmentSuicid
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 31990; Chandler, 1994). Thi
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 3Risk FactorsDepressionSubs
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 4Origins of Suicide: Social
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 4Reserves, Settlements, and
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 4Traditionalism versus accu
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 4are equivalent in seriousn
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 4society (Levy and Kunitz,
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 4those of mother and homema
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 4Duncan Campbell Scott, Dep
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 4Traditional Aboriginal com
Page 88 and 89:
Chapter 4Feehan, 1996; Grant, 1996;
Page 90 and 91:
Chapter 4The Child Welfare System a
Page 92 and 93:
Chapter 4Aboriginal communities and
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 4had extremely high rates.
Page 96 and 97:
Chapter 4Figure 4-2) Transgeneratio
Page 98 and 99:
Chapter 5What Works in Suicide Prev
Page 100 and 101:
Chapter 5Table 5-1) Strategies of I
Page 102 and 103:
Chapter 5Effective Suicide Preventi
Page 104 and 105:
Chapter 5closet rods that give way
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 5The American Indian Life S
Page 108 and 109:
Chapter 51) school-based and commun
Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 5reduce suicides that follo
Page 112 and 113:
Chapter 5Although they may visit a
Page 114 and 115:
Chapter 6Conclusion: Understanding
Page 116 and 117:
Chapter 6Figure 6-1) An Integrative
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 6in large urban settings th
Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 6there’s like a program s
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 6Figure 6-2) Levels of Inte
Page 124 and 125:
Chapter 6Planning and CoordinationA
Page 126 and 127:
Chapter 62) The response to the cri
Page 128:
Chapter 6Often, suicide is a respon
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix AASIST participants receiv
Page 133 and 134:
Appendix AThe Training for Youth Ed
Page 135 and 136:
Appendix AThe program has continued
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix Awith the creation and imp
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix AContact Information for R
Page 142 and 143:
Appendix BAdditional Resources: Man
Page 144:
Appendix BAboriginal Healing and We
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix CNational Aboriginal Healt
Page 149 and 150:
References——— (1987). Unravel
Page 151 and 152:
ReferencesBeck, A.T., R.A. Steer, M
Page 153 and 154:
ReferencesBrent, D.A., J.A. Perper,
Page 155 and 156:
References——— (1995). The Pro
Page 157 and 158:
ReferencesDevereux, G. (1961). Moha
Page 159 and 160:
References——— (2005b). In wha
Page 161 and 162:
ReferencesGardiner, H. and B. Gaida
Page 163 and 164:
ReferencesGuo, B. and C. Harstall (
Page 165 and 166:
ReferencesHoberman, H.M. and B.D. G
Page 167 and 168:
ReferencesJong, M. (2004). Managing
Page 169 and 170:
ReferencesKouri, R. (2003). Persona
Page 171 and 172:
References——— (1997). Suicide
Page 173 and 174:
ReferencesMatheson, L. (1996). The
Page 175 and 176:
ReferencesNeimeyer, R.A., B. Fortne
Page 177 and 178:
ReferencesPirkis, J.E., C.E. Irwin,
Page 179 and 180:
ReferencesRutz, W. (2001). Preventi
Page 181 and 182:
References——— (1992). Marriag
Page 183 and 184:
ReferencesTrimble, J. and B. Medici
Page 185 and 186:
ReferencesWebb, J.P. and W. Willard
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