Suicide Among Aboriginal People in Canada - Institut universitaire ...

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Chapter 2Figure 2-9) Suicide Rates in Nunavut by Sex and Age Cohort, 1999–2003MaleFemale10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-49254023897614019424428950-54 575655-59 850 170 340 510 680 850Rate per 100,000 population706817Source: Hicks, forthcoming, 2007.In a Manitoba study reviewing 1,029 suicides, Aboriginal people who died by suicide were generallyyounger than their non-Aboriginal counterparts: the average age for suicides among Aboriginal peoplewas 27.0, while the average age for non-Aboriginal people was 44.6 (p
Chapter 2slashing) (Velez and Cohen, 1988). A comparison of community surveys in nine countries found thatrates for suicide ideation were slightly higher in females than males at all sites; whereas, there was asignificant two- to three-fold increase in risk of suicide attempts for females compared to males at mostof the sites (Weissman et al., 1999). However, the gender ratio is sensitive to social and cultural factors.For example, the rate of death by suicide in rural regions in China is higher among young females thanmales ( Ji, Kleinman, and Becker, 2001; Qin and Mortensen, 2001; Phillips, Lesyna, and Paight, 2002;Prichard, 1996; Shiang et al., 1998). This has been attributed to the difficulties faced by young womenin Chinese society; suicide attempts in rural areas often use agricultural poisons with high lethality. Thisexample is a clear illustration of the profound impact of social factors on suicide.The gender differences in suicide rates among Aboriginal people amplify the pattern of male predominanceseen in the general population. The majority of deaths by suicide are among young men. In Manitobabetween 1984 to 1988, males comprised 83.8 per cent of all completed suicides among youth (Sigurdsonet al., 1994). Similarly, among the Inuit of Nunavik from 1982 to 1996, 83 per cent of all completedsuicides were males (Boothroyd et al., 2001). However, a review covering the period from 1988 to 1994found that 30 per cent of suicides in the Aboriginal population were female compared to 19.2 per cent inthe general female population (Malchy et al., 1997).Female adolescent status Indians are 7.5 times more likely to die by suicide than female adolescents in thetotal population. In the age range of 20 to 29, the suicide rate for female status Indians is 3.6 times therate for all Canadian females. Female status Indians have higher suicide rates than all female Canadiansup to 69 years of age. Rates for male status Indians are higher than the total male population from ages10 to 50. Adolescent males are more than 5 times as likely to die by suicide than the average Canadianmale adolescent (Medical Services Branch Steering Committee on Native Mental Health, 1991a).In Aboriginal populations, suicide attempts are generally more frequent among women than men,although this is owing to a greater tendency to use more lethal means, and the gender difference is notas large as in the general population (Clarkson et al., 1992). In a survey of 11,666 high school studentson reservations in the United States, 21.8 per cent of girls compared to 11.8 per cent of boys reportedone or more suicide attempts for a ratio of 2:1 (Borowsky et al., 1999). Two studies among the Inuit ofNunavik actually found a slightly higher rate of attempted suicide among Inuit males compared to females(Kirmayer, Malus, and Boothroyd, 1996) or no significant difference in rates (Kirmayer et al., 1998). Aswill be discussed in Chapters 3 and 4, this cultural and regional variation in gender ratio likely reflectsspecific stressors that differentially affect young Aboriginal males and females. Males have experiencedgreater discontinuity in social roles with rapid cultural change; females are more liable to have suffereddomestic violence and abuse, but are also more likely to seek out help for depression or other forms ofemotional distress.Marital StatusIn the general population, suicide is more frequent among both men and women who are single, separated,divorced, or widowed compared to those who are married (Trovato, 1991). Those who are married withchildren have still lower rates. Suicide attempters are more often single, separated or divorced, and livealone (Wasserman, 1988). Community surveys in nine countries found that both suicidal attempts andideation were two to four times more prevalent among divorced individuals (Weissman et al., 1999). Therate of suicide is correlated with divorce rates across Canadian provinces (Leenaars and Lester, 1999).24
Page 1 and 2: Suicide Among Aboriginal Peoplein C
Page 3 and 4: Aboriginal Healing Foundation75 Alb
Page 6 and 7: Table of ContentsPreface...........
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsCultural and Lingu
Page 10: PrefaceThis report was prepared und
Page 14 and 15: GlossaryAmbivalence - Ambivalence r
Page 16 and 17: GlossaryParasuicide - Any acute, in
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1IntroductionWhen I was 14
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 1Definitions of Suicide and
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 1Methods of Studying Suicid
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1suicide attempts (Marttune
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1A central problem for cros
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2The Epidemiology of Suicid
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2the economic status of Abo
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2No study to date has syste
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2Despite the overall patter
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 2Figure 2-6) Average Annual
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 2are only a portion of thos
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2Indeed, the rising rate of
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2Figure 2-11) Number of Dea
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 2Rate per 100,000 populatio
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2There are only a handful o
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 3Origins of Suicide: Indivi
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 3Anxiety disorders also car
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 3Many of the factors associ
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3American Indians compared
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 3genetic and constitutional
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3Single-parent families are
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3Hopelessness, Problem Solv
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3higher rates of suicidal b
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3Physical EnvironmentSuicid
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 31990; Chandler, 1994). Thi
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 3Risk FactorsDepressionSubs
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 4Origins of Suicide: Social
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 4Reserves, Settlements, and
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 4Traditionalism versus accu
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 4are equivalent in seriousn
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 4society (Levy and Kunitz,
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 4those of mother and homema
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 4Duncan Campbell Scott, Dep
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 4Traditional Aboriginal com
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 4Feehan, 1996; Grant, 1996;
Page 90 and 91:
Chapter 4The Child Welfare System a
Page 92 and 93:
Chapter 4Aboriginal communities and
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 4had extremely high rates.
Page 96 and 97:
Chapter 4Figure 4-2) Transgeneratio
Page 98 and 99:
Chapter 5What Works in Suicide Prev
Page 100 and 101:
Chapter 5Table 5-1) Strategies of I
Page 102 and 103:
Chapter 5Effective Suicide Preventi
Page 104 and 105:
Chapter 5closet rods that give way
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 5The American Indian Life S
Page 108 and 109:
Chapter 51) school-based and commun
Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 5reduce suicides that follo
Page 112 and 113:
Chapter 5Although they may visit a
Page 114 and 115:
Chapter 6Conclusion: Understanding
Page 116 and 117:
Chapter 6Figure 6-1) An Integrative
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 6in large urban settings th
Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 6there’s like a program s
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 6Figure 6-2) Levels of Inte
Page 124 and 125:
Chapter 6Planning and CoordinationA
Page 126 and 127:
Chapter 62) The response to the cri
Page 128:
Chapter 6Often, suicide is a respon
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix AASIST participants receiv
Page 133 and 134:
Appendix AThe Training for Youth Ed
Page 135 and 136:
Appendix AThe program has continued
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix Awith the creation and imp
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix AContact Information for R
Page 142 and 143:
Appendix BAdditional Resources: Man
Page 144:
Appendix BAboriginal Healing and We
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix CNational Aboriginal Healt
Page 149 and 150:
References——— (1987). Unravel
Page 151 and 152:
ReferencesBeck, A.T., R.A. Steer, M
Page 153 and 154:
ReferencesBrent, D.A., J.A. Perper,
Page 155 and 156:
References——— (1995). The Pro
Page 157 and 158:
ReferencesDevereux, G. (1961). Moha
Page 159 and 160:
References——— (2005b). In wha
Page 161 and 162:
ReferencesGardiner, H. and B. Gaida
Page 163 and 164:
ReferencesGuo, B. and C. Harstall (
Page 165 and 166:
ReferencesHoberman, H.M. and B.D. G
Page 167 and 168:
ReferencesJong, M. (2004). Managing
Page 169 and 170:
ReferencesKouri, R. (2003). Persona
Page 171 and 172:
References——— (1997). Suicide
Page 173 and 174:
ReferencesMatheson, L. (1996). The
Page 175 and 176:
ReferencesNeimeyer, R.A., B. Fortne
Page 177 and 178:
ReferencesPirkis, J.E., C.E. Irwin,
Page 179 and 180:
ReferencesRutz, W. (2001). Preventi
Page 181 and 182:
References——— (1992). Marriag
Page 183 and 184:
ReferencesTrimble, J. and B. Medici
Page 185 and 186:
ReferencesWebb, J.P. and W. Willard
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