Suicide Among Aboriginal People in Canada - Institut universitaire ...

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Table of ContentsCultural and Linguistic Diversity................................................................................................... 103Rapidity of Social and Cultural Change........................................................................................ 104Best Practices Guidelines for Suicide Prevention................................................................................ 104Overall Orientation.......................................................................................................................... 106Planning and Coordination............................................................................................................. 107Prevention.......................................................................................................................................... 107Intervention....................................................................................................................................... 108Postvention........................................................................................................................................ 108Evaluation.......................................................................................................................................... 109Conclusion................................................................................................................................................ 110Appendix A) Recommended Suicide Prevention and Mental Health PromotionTraining Programs.............................................................................................. 113Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST)................................................. 1135-Day Suicide Prevention Training for Aboriginal Communities................................ 114White Stone: Aboriginal Youth Suicide Prevention Training for Youth Educators... 115Community-Based Suicide Prevention Program (CBSPP)........................................... 116Zuni Life Skills Development Curriculum (ZLSD)...................................................... 118Jicarilla Suicide Prevention Program................................................................................ 119Northwest Territories Suicide Prevention Training (NTSPT).................................... 120Contact Information for Recommended Suicide Prevention Programs....................... 122Appendix B) Additional Resources: Manuals and Tool Kits.................................................... 125Aboriginal Youth: A Manual of Promising Suicide Prevention Strategies................... 125National Inuit Youth Suicide Prevention Framework.................................................... 125National Aboriginal Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy Program Framework........... 125Acting on What We Know: Preventing Youth Suicide in First Nations...................... 125Assessment and Planning Tool Kit for Suicide Prevention in First NationsCommunities..................................................................................................................... 126Aboriginal Healing and Wellness Strategy Suicide Prevention and InterventionResource Kit...................................................................................................................... 127Appendix C) Additional Resources: Organizations................................................................. 129References.................................................................................................................................. 131List of FiguresFigure 2-1) Comparison of National Suicide and Self-Inflicted Injury Rates, 2000......................... 14Figure 2-2) Comparison of Suicide Rates of First Nations and General Population in Canada,1980–1999............................................................................................................................. 14Figure 2-3) Age-standardized Suicide Rate for Males by Region, 1997............................................. 17Figure 2-4) Age-standardized Suicide Rate for Females by Region, 1997.......................................... 17Figure 2-5) Average Annual Suicide Rate Among Inuit in Nunavut by Region, 1999–2003.......... 18
Table of ContentsFigure 2-6) Average Annual Suicide Rate in British Columbia First Nations by Tribal Council,1993–2000............................................................................................................................. 19Figure 2-7) Average Annual Suicide Rate Among Inuit in Nunavut by Community,1999–2003............................................................................................................................. 19Figure 2-8) Comparison of Suicide Rates by Age Group, First Nations and CanadianPopulation, 1989–1993........................................................................................................ 22Figure 2-9) Suicide Rates in Nunavut by Sex and Age Cohort, 1999–2003..................................... 23Figure 2-10) Number of Deaths by Suicide in Nunavut, 1975–2003.................................................. 26Figure 2-11) Number of Deaths by Suicide in Nunavik, 1972–2001................................................... 27Figure 2-12) Suicide Rates in Nunavut by Age, 1980–2003.................................................................. 27Figure 2-13) Number of Deaths by Suicide in Nishnawbe Aski Nation, 1986–1995........................ 28Figure 2-14) Suicide Rates in British Columbia First Nations, 1993–2000........................................ 28Figure 2-15) Suicide Rates in Alberta First Nations, 1992–2001......................................................... 29Figure 3-1) Interaction of Individual Risk and Protective Factors in Suicide..................................... 53Figure 4-1) Youth Suicide Rates by Number of Cultural Continuity Factors inBritish Columbia First Nations, 1987–1992..................................................................... 77Figure 4-2) Transgenerational Effects of Residential School Experience........................................... 79Figure 6-1) An Integrative Model of the Origins of Suicide................................................................ 99Figure 6-2) Levels of Intervention in Suicide Prevention................................................................... 105List of TablesTable 2-1) Rates of Suicide Reported Among Aboriginal Groups in Canada.................................. 16Table 3-1) Protective Factors Related to Mental Health in Aboriginal Youth.................................. 52Table 4-1) Transgenerational Effects of Residential Schools.............................................................. 72Table 5-1) Strategies of Illness Prevention and Health Promotion................................................... 83Table 5-2) Risk and Protective Factors Relevant to Suicide Prevention............................................ 84vi
Page 1 and 2: Suicide Among Aboriginal Peoplein C
Page 3 and 4: Aboriginal Healing Foundation75 Alb
Page 6 and 7: Table of ContentsPreface...........
Page 10: PrefaceThis report was prepared und
Page 14 and 15: GlossaryAmbivalence - Ambivalence r
Page 16 and 17: GlossaryParasuicide - Any acute, in
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1IntroductionWhen I was 14
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 1Definitions of Suicide and
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 1Methods of Studying Suicid
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1suicide attempts (Marttune
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1A central problem for cros
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2The Epidemiology of Suicid
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2the economic status of Abo
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2No study to date has syste
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2Despite the overall patter
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 2Figure 2-6) Average Annual
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 2are only a portion of thos
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2Figure 2-9) Suicide Rates
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2Indeed, the rising rate of
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2Figure 2-11) Number of Dea
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 2Rate per 100,000 populatio
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2There are only a handful o
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 3Origins of Suicide: Indivi
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 3Anxiety disorders also car
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 3Many of the factors associ
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 3American Indians compared
Page 58 and 59:
Chapter 3genetic and constitutional
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Chapter 3Single-parent families are
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Chapter 3Hopelessness, Problem Solv
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Chapter 3higher rates of suicidal b
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Chapter 3Physical EnvironmentSuicid
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Chapter 31990; Chandler, 1994). Thi
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Chapter 3Risk FactorsDepressionSubs
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Chapter 4Origins of Suicide: Social
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Chapter 4Reserves, Settlements, and
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Chapter 4Traditionalism versus accu
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Chapter 4are equivalent in seriousn
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Chapter 4society (Levy and Kunitz,
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Chapter 4those of mother and homema
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Chapter 4Duncan Campbell Scott, Dep
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Chapter 4Traditional Aboriginal com
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Chapter 4Feehan, 1996; Grant, 1996;
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Chapter 4The Child Welfare System a
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Chapter 4Aboriginal communities and
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Chapter 4had extremely high rates.
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Chapter 4Figure 4-2) Transgeneratio
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Chapter 5What Works in Suicide Prev
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Chapter 5Table 5-1) Strategies of I
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Chapter 5Effective Suicide Preventi
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Chapter 5closet rods that give way
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Chapter 5The American Indian Life S
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Chapter 51) school-based and commun
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Chapter 5reduce suicides that follo
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Chapter 5Although they may visit a
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Chapter 6Conclusion: Understanding
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Chapter 6Figure 6-1) An Integrative
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Chapter 6in large urban settings th
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Chapter 6there’s like a program s
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Chapter 6Figure 6-2) Levels of Inte
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Chapter 6Planning and CoordinationA
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Chapter 62) The response to the cri
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Chapter 6Often, suicide is a respon
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Appendix AASIST participants receiv
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Appendix AThe Training for Youth Ed
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Appendix AThe program has continued
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Appendix Awith the creation and imp
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Appendix AContact Information for R
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Appendix BAdditional Resources: Man
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Appendix BAboriginal Healing and We
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Appendix CNational Aboriginal Healt
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References——— (1987). Unravel
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ReferencesBeck, A.T., R.A. Steer, M
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ReferencesBrent, D.A., J.A. Perper,
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References——— (1995). The Pro
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ReferencesDevereux, G. (1961). Moha
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References——— (2005b). In wha
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ReferencesGardiner, H. and B. Gaida
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ReferencesGuo, B. and C. Harstall (
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ReferencesHoberman, H.M. and B.D. G
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ReferencesJong, M. (2004). Managing
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ReferencesKouri, R. (2003). Persona
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References——— (1997). Suicide
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ReferencesMatheson, L. (1996). The
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ReferencesNeimeyer, R.A., B. Fortne
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ReferencesPirkis, J.E., C.E. Irwin,
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ReferencesRutz, W. (2001). Preventi
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References——— (1992). Marriag
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ReferencesTrimble, J. and B. Medici
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ReferencesWebb, J.P. and W. Willard
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