C# Language Specification - Willy .Net

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<strong>C#</strong> LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION24.1 Attribute classes....................................................................................................................................... 30524.1.1 Attribute usage............................................................................................................................ 30524.1.2 Positional and named parameters................................................................................................ 30624.1.3 Attribute parameter types............................................................................................................ 30724.2 Attribute specification ............................................................................................................................. 30724.3 Attribute instances ................................................................................................................................... 31124.3.1 Compilation of an attribute ......................................................................................................... 31124.3.2 Run-time retrieval of an attribute instance.................................................................................. 31124.4 Reserved attributes .................................................................................................................................. 31224.4.1 The AttributeUsage attribute ............................................................................................. 31224.4.2 The Conditional attribute..................................................................................................... 31224.4.3 The Obsolete attribute............................................................................................................ 31425. Unsafe code .................................................................................................................................................. 31725.1 Unsafe contexts ....................................................................................................................................... 31725.2 Pointer types ............................................................................................................................................ 31925.3 Fixed and moveable variables ................................................................................................................. 32225.4 Pointer conversions ................................................................................................................................. 32225.5 Pointers in expressions ............................................................................................................................ 32325.5.1 Pointer indirection....................................................................................................................... 32425.5.2 Pointer member access................................................................................................................ 32425.5.3 Pointer element access ................................................................................................................ 32525.5.4 The address-of operator .............................................................................................................. 32525.5.5 Pointer increment and decrement................................................................................................ 32625.5.6 Pointer arithmetic........................................................................................................................ 32625.5.7 Pointer comparison ..................................................................................................................... 32725.5.8 The sizeof operator................................................................................................................. 32725.6 The fixed statement.............................................................................................................................. 32825.7 Stack allocation ....................................................................................................................................... 33125.8 Dynamic memory allocation ................................................................................................................... 332A. Grammar....................................................................................................................................................... 335A.1 Lexical grammar....................................................................................................................................... 335A.1.1 Line terminators ........................................................................................................................... 335A.1.2 White space.................................................................................................................................. 335A.1.3 Comments .................................................................................................................................... 335A.1.4 Tokens.......................................................................................................................................... 336A.1.5 Unicode character escape sequences............................................................................................ 336A.1.6 Identifiers ..................................................................................................................................... 336A.1.7 Keywords ..................................................................................................................................... 337A.1.8 Literals ......................................................................................................................................... 338A.1.9 Operators and punctuators ........................................................................................................... 339A.1.10 Pre-processing directives ........................................................................................................... 340A.2 Syntactic grammar.................................................................................................................................... 341A.2.1 Basic concepts.............................................................................................................................. 341A.2.2 Types............................................................................................................................................ 342A.2.3 Variables ...................................................................................................................................... 343A.2.4 Expressions .................................................................................................................................. 343A.2.5 Statements.................................................................................................................................... 346A.2.6 Classes.......................................................................................................................................... 350A.2.7 Structs .......................................................................................................................................... 355A.2.8 Arrays........................................................................................................................................... 355A.2.9 Interfaces...................................................................................................................................... 356A.2.10 Enums ........................................................................................................................................ 357A.2.11 Delegates.................................................................................................................................... 357xii
Table of ContentsA.2.12 Attributes.................................................................................................................................... 358A.3 Grammar extensions for unsafe code ....................................................................................................... 359B. Portability issues........................................................................................................................................... 361B.1 Undefined behavior................................................................................................................................... 361B.2 Implementation-defined behavior............................................................................................................. 361B.3 Unspecified behavior ................................................................................................................................ 362B.4 Other Issues............................................................................................................................................... 362C. Naming guidelines ........................................................................................................................................ 363C.1 Capitalization styles.................................................................................................................................. 363C.1.1 Pascal casing ................................................................................................................................ 363C.1.2 Camel casing ................................................................................................................................ 363C.1.3 All uppercase................................................................................................................................ 363C.1.4 Capitalization summary................................................................................................................ 363C.2 Word choice.............................................................................................................................................. 364C.3 Namespaces .............................................................................................................................................. 364C.4 Classes ...................................................................................................................................................... 364C.5 Interfaces................................................................................................................................................... 365C.6 Enums ....................................................................................................................................................... 365C.7 Static fields ............................................................................................................................................... 366C.8 Parameters................................................................................................................................................. 366C.9 Methods .................................................................................................................................................... 366C.10 Properties ................................................................................................................................................ 366C.11 Events...................................................................................................................................................... 367C.12 Case sensitivity ....................................................................................................................................... 367C.13 Avoiding type name confusion ............................................................................................................... 368D. Standard Library ......................................................................................................................................... 369E. Documentation Comments .......................................................................................................................... 433E.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 433E.2 Recommended tags ................................................................................................................................... 434E.2.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 434E.2.2 .......................................................................................................................................... 435E.2.3 .................................................................................................................................... 435E.2.4 .................................................................................................................................. 435E.2.5 ............................................................................................................................................. 436E.2.6 ........................................................................................................................................... 437E.2.7 ....................................................................................................................................... 437E.2.8 ................................................................................................................................... 437E.2.9 ................................................................................................................................ 438E.2.10 ................................................................................................................................... 438E.2.11 .................................................................................................................................... 438E.2.12 .......................................................................................................................................... 439E.2.13 .................................................................................................................................... 439E.2.14 ................................................................................................................................. 440E.2.15 ....................................................................................................................................... 440E.3 Processing the documentation file ............................................................................................................ 440E.3.1 ID string format ............................................................................................................................ 440E.3.2 ID string examples........................................................................................................................ 441E.4 An example ............................................................................................................................................... 444E.4.1 <strong>C#</strong> source code ............................................................................................................................. 444E.4.2 Resulting XML............................................................................................................................. 446F. Index .............................................................................................................................................................. 449xiii
Page 1: Standard ECMA-3342nd edition - Dece
Page 5: Brief historyThis International Sta
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Page 13: Table of Contents18.3.5 Boxing and
Page 17: Chapter 1 Scope1. ScopeThis clause
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Page 23 and 24: Chapter 4 Definitions4. Definitions
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 5 Notational conventions5.
Page 29: Chapter 7 General description7. Gen
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION// Author
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Chapter 9 Lexical structure9. Lexic
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Chapter 9 Lexical structure9.3.2 Co
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Chapter 9 Lexical structureclass Cl
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Chapter 9 Lexical structurekeyword:
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Chapter 9 Lexical structurereal-typ
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Chapter 9 Lexical structureverbatim
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Chapter 9 Lexical structure#if Bvoi
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Chapter 9 Lexical structure#define
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Chapter 9 Lexical structureclass He
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Chapter 10 Basic concepts10. Basic
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Chapter 10 Basic concepts• Each b
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Chapter 10 Basic concepts• The me
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Chapter 10 Basic concepts• If the
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Chapter 10 Basic concepts10.5.3 Pro
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Chapter 10 Basic conceptsdeclared i
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Chapter 10 Basic conceptsIn the F m
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Chapter 10 Basic conceptsclass Deri
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Chapter 10 Basic conceptsnamespace
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Chapter 10 Basic concepts}}// A and
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONfloating-p
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION• The by
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION11.1.6 The
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION11.2.4 Int
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Chapter 12 Variables12. VariablesVa
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Chapter 12 Variables• Following t
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Chapter 12 Variables• Static vari
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Chapter 12 Variables12.3.3.6 Switch
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Chapter 12 Variables• The definit
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Chapter 12 Variablesassignment expr
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Chapter 12 Variableso Otherwise, if
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Chapter 13 Conversions13. Conversio
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Chapter 13 Conversions• A constan
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Chapter 13 Conversions13.2.2 Explic
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Chapter 13 Conversions13.4.2 Evalua
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Chapter 13 Conversionsthen the conv
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION14.1.1 Val
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThe overlo
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONWhen overl
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION14.4 Funct
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONConstruct
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONWhen a fun
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION• If T 2
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONobject o =
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION14.5.4 Mem
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThe primar
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION• The va
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONUnary oper
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONnonnegativ
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThe new de
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONFor non-co
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION14.6.2 Una
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThe gramma
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONand y are
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONy +0 -0 +
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONE operator
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONequality-e
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThe result
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION• If eit
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONwords, the
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION• If X a
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public in
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION• Parent
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONthe second
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONvoid Proce
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThe type a
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONenclosed i
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONvoid DoCom
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONfor-initia
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONIEnumerato
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION• If the
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONWithin a c
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION15.12 The
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}}using (T
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONA namespac
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONAbove, N3
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONthe using-
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Chapter 17 Classes17. ClassesA clas
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Chapter 17 ClassesThe direct base c
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Chapter 17 Classesthe same class, a
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Chapter 17 Classes(§14.5.4), insta
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Chapter 17 Classesshows this techni
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Chapter 17 Classes17.2.7.2 Member N
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Chapter 17 Classesfield-modifier:ne
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Chapter 17 Classesusing System;name
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Chapter 17 Classes}static void Main
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Chapter 17 Classesthe variable init
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Chapter 17 ClassesA method invocati
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Chapter 17 Classes17.5.1.4 Paramete
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Chapter 17 ClassesSystem.Int32 Syst
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Chapter 17 Classesclass Test{static
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Chapter 17 Classes}public virtual v
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Chapter 17 Classes17.5.8 Method bod
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Chapter 17 Classesaccessor-declarat
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Chapter 17 Classesthe P property in
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Chapter 17 ClassesThe Console class
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Chapter 17 Classesremove-accessor-d
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Chapter 17 Classes}public event D E
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Chapter 17 ClassesAn event declarat
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Chapter 17 Classes}public BitArray(
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Chapter 17 Classesbinary-operator-d
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Chapter 17 ClassesA conversion oper
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Chapter 17 Classes17.10.1 Construct
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Chapter 17 Classesclass A{int x, y,
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Chapter 17 ClassesThe identifier of
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Chapter 17 Classesisusing System;cl
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONInterface
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public Ke
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION18.4.1 Dat
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public st
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONint[,] b =
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONIt is a co
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION20.2.3 Int
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONinterface
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONparticular
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONIf a class
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONclass Text
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONabstract c
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONenum-modif
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONEnum membe
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONdelegate i
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONusing Syst
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Chapter 23 Exceptions23. Exceptions
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Chapter 24 Attributes24. Attributes
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Chapter 24 Attributesend example][H
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Chapter 24 Attributesaffirm the def
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Chapter 24 Attributesusing System;[
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Chapter 24 Attributesusing System;u
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Chapter 24 Attributes[Example: In t
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONinterface-
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONunmanaged-
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION• The st
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION25.5.1 Poi
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONcompile-ti
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThe result
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThe third
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION[Example:
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThe exampl
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONinput-char
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONA.1.8 Lite
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONA.1.10 Pre
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION342type-na
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONmember-acc
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONassignment
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONwhile-stat
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONA.2.6 Clas
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONmember-nam
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONoperator-m
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONrank-speci
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONA.2.12 Att
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONfixed-poin
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION10. The re
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONType Case
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION[Flags]pub
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONSystem.Win
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION{}public A
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}// Namesp
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public ov
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONpublic sta
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public ab
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONpublic sea
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}protected
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}comparand
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public No
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION// Namespa
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public vi
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION// Namespa
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public vi
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONpublic Str
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public ov
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION{}public c
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public bo
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}Enclosing
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}public Ve
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONAlthough d
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONpublic cla
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION/// This c
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONE.2.14 Thi
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION"T:Color""
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONnamespace
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION}if (GetTy
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONThis metho
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION< 163> ...
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONevent.....
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONdestructor
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONinvocation
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONextensions
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONdeclaratio
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONNaN ......
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONshift ....
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONpunctuator
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONstring as.
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONvolatile .
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