C# Language Specification - Willy .Net

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<strong>C#</strong> LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION• If T 2 is short and T 1 is ushort, uint, or ulong, C 2 is the better conversion.• If T 1 is int and T 2 is uint, or ulong, C 1 is the better conversion.• If T 2 is int and T 1 is uint, or ulong, C 2 is the better conversion.• If T 1 is long and T 2 is ulong, C 1 is the better conversion.• If T 2 is long and T 1 is ulong, C 2 is the better conversion.• Otherwise, neither conversion is better.If an implicit conversion C 1 is defined by these rules to be a better conversion than an implicit conversion C 2 ,then it is also the case that C 2 is a worse conversion than C 1 .14.4.3 Function member invocationThis section describes the process that takes place at run-time to invoke a particular function member. It isassumed that a compile-time process has already determined the particular member to invoke, possibly byapplying overload resolution to a set of candidate function members.For purposes of describing the invocation process, function members are divided into two categories:• Static function members. These are static methods, instance constructors, static property accessors, anduser-defined operators. Static function members are always non-virtual.• Instance function members. These are instance methods, instance property accessors, and indexeraccessors. Instance function members are either non-virtual or virtual, and are always invoked on aparticular instance. The instance is computed by an instance expression, and it becomes accessiblewithin the function member as this (§14.5.7).The run-time processing of a function member invocation consists of the following steps, where M is thefunction member and, if M is an instance member, E is the instance expression:• If M is a static function member:The argument list is evaluated as described in §14.4.1.M is invoked.• If M is an instance function member declared in a value-type:E is evaluated. If this evaluation causes an exception, then no further steps are executed.If E is not classified as a variable, then a temporary local variable of E’s type is created and the value of E isassigned to that variable. E is then reclassified as a reference to that temporary local variable. The temporaryvariable is accessible as this within M, but not in any other way. Thus, only when E is a true variable is itpossible for the caller to observe the changes that M makes to this.The argument list is evaluated as described in §14.4.1.M is invoked. The variable referenced by E becomes the variable referenced by this.• If M is an instance function member declared in a reference-type:E is evaluated. If this evaluation causes an exception, then no further steps are executed.The argument list is evaluated as described in §14.4.1.If the type of E is a value-type, a boxing conversion (§11.3.1) is performed to convert E to type object, andE is considered to be of type object in the following steps. [Note: In this case, M could only be a member ofSystem.Object. end note]The value of E is checked to be valid. If the value of E is null, a System.NullReferenceException isthrown and no further steps are executed.The function member implementation to invoke is determined:136
Chapter 14 Expressions• If the compile-time type of E is an interface, the function member to invoke is theimplementation of M provided by the run-time type of the instance referenced by E. Thisfunction member is determined by applying the interface mapping rules (§20.4.2) to determinethe implementation of M provided by the run-time type of the instance referenced by E.• Otherwise, if M is a virtual function member, the function member to invoke is theimplementation of M provided by the run-time type of the instance referenced by E. Thisfunction member is determined by applying the rules for determining the most derivedimplementation (§17.5.3) of M with respect to the run-time type of the instance referenced by E.• Otherwise, M is a non-virtual function member, and the function member to invoke is M itself.The function member implementation determined in the step above is invoked. The object referenced by Ebecomes the object referenced by this.14.4.3.1 Invocations on boxed instancesA function member implemented in a value-type can be invoked through a boxed instance of that value-typein the following situations:• When the function member is an override of a method inherited from type object and is invokedthrough an instance expression of type object.• When the function member is an implementation of an interface function member and is invokedthrough an instance expression of an interface-type.• When the function member is invoked through a delegate.In these situations, the boxed instance is considered to contain a variable of the value-type, and this variablebecomes the variable referenced by this within the function member invocation. [Note: In particular, thismeans that when a function member is invoked on a boxed instance, it is possible for the function member tomodify the value contained in the boxed instance. end note]14.5 Primary expressionsPrimary expressions include the simplest forms of expressions.primary-expression:array-creation-expressionprimary-no-array-creation-expressionprimary-no-array-creation-expression:literalsimple-nameparenthesized-expressionmember-accessinvocation-expressionelement-accessthis-accessbase-accesspost-increment-expressionpost-decrement-expressionobject-creation-expressiondelegate-creation-expressiontypeof-expressionchecked-expressionunchecked-expressionPrimary expressions are divided between array-creation-expressions and primary-no-array-creationexpressions.Treating array-creation-expression in this way, rather than listing it along with the other simpleexpression forms, enables the grammar to disallow potentially confusing code such as137
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Standard ECMA-3342nd edition - Dece
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Brief historyThis International Sta
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATION9.3.3 Whit
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Table of Contents18.3.5 Boxing and
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Table of ContentsA.2.12 Attributes.
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Chapter 1 Scope1. ScopeThis clause
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONA conformi
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Chapter 4 Definitions4. Definitions
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Chapter 5 Notational conventions5.
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Chapter 7 General description7. Gen
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONclass Test
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONpre: x = 1
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Chapter 9 Lexical structure9. Lexic
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Chapter 9 Lexical structureclass Cl
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Chapter 9 Lexical structurekeyword:
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Chapter 9 Lexical structure#if Bvoi
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Chapter 10 Basic concepts10. Basic
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Chapter 17 Classes17. ClassesA clas
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C# LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONusing Syst
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Chapter 23 Exceptions23. Exceptions
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Chapter 24 Attributesend example][H
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