The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV

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4.2 Surge limitersNominal voltage Arcing U (V) Example : limiter to beof a limiter -Un- at power on 1.2/50 chosen for a 230/400 V(V) (NF C 63-150) frequency impulse wave network…250 400 inal voltage of a surge limiter must be adapted to network voltage.The previous section clearly explains why thesurge limiter is an “essential accessory” of theIT earthing system and thus stipulated bystandards. It also protects the PIM againstovervoltages.Its clipping thresholds for overvoltages at powerfrequencies and for common mode impulseovervoltages are defined by standardNF C 63-150 (see fig. 20 ). These thresholds arelower than the specified withstand of equipmentused on LV networks (230/400 V).It must be connected as close as possible to theMV/LV transformer between neutral and earth,or between a phase and earth if thetransformer’s secondary connection is of thedelta or non-distributed neutral kind.NB:c limiters are not necessary on networksdownstream of a LV/LV transformer,c standard IEC 60364 does not specify use ofsurge limiters, as it considers that occurrence ofan MV/LV fault is rare. However, when this faultdoes occur, its consequences are frequentlyserious.OperationA surge limiter consists of two conductivecomponents separated by an insulating film(see fig. 21 ).Impulse overvoltages generate arcing betweenthe two conductive components, but do notshort-circuit the limiter.Energetic overvoltages melt the insulating film,thus allowing the run-off of a high current toearth. The cartridge must then be replaced: itsshort-circuiting is reported by the PIM just as aninsulation fault. Moreover, it is useful, for livefault tracking, to consider its earth connection inthe same way as a feeder, particularly if thisconnection is normally inaccessible (such aswhen, for example, the limiter is placed in thetransformer cubicle).Important characteristicWhen all the application frames are properlyinterconnected, the double fault concerning boththe arced surge limiter and an insulation fault on“Insulating film”disappears duringhigh powerovervoltagesArcing zone duringlow power overvoltagesInsulating caseConnection padFig. 21 : surge limiter principle (Merlin Gerin Cardewtype).a phase, becomes a short-circuit. Limiterwithstand must then be sufficient for the timerequired to eliminate the fault current (Forexample, 40 kA must be withstood for 0.2 sec forMerlin Gerin Cardew limiters).In the rare case of the second insulation faultoccurring upstream of the incoming circuitbreaker,the double fault is eliminated by theMV protection devices (just as for an upstreamshort-circuit on the main LV switchboard).For this reason, the time delay setting of thetransformer’s MV protection must take the thermalwithstand [f (I 2 t)] of the surge limiter into account.The cross-section of the connection conductorupstream and downstream of the surge limitermust also have the same thermal withstand. Itscross-section is calculated in standardNF C 15-100.Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 178 / p.20
4.3 Why use an impedance?An impedance can be connected between thenetwork and the earth, normally between thetransformer neutral and the earth. Its value isapproximately 1,700 Ω at 50 Hz.Its purpose is to reduce variations in potentialbetween network and earth, caused by MVdisturbances or fluctuations in potential of thelocal earth. It is therefore particularlyrecommended for short networks supplyingmeasurement instruments sensitive to thispotential and for networks placed next tocommunication networks (Bus).A reading of the table in figure 5 shows thatwhen the network is very slightly capacitive(case 1), the neutral impedance Z N causes thefault current to increase, which neverthelessremains very low (≈ 250 mA in figure 5). Thiseffect is even slighter when the network is highlycapacitive (cases 2 and 3). In practice, thisimpedance effects only very slightly the contactvoltage U C which remains less than U L in soundnetworks.Finally, presence of a resistance in the impedanceenables a reduction of the ferromagneticresonance hazard.Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 178 / p.21
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Page 15 and 16: PIM standardsc The manufacturing st
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