The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV

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c Its operation:v should an insulation fault occur, a low currentdevelops as a result of the network’s straycapacities (see fig. 3a ).The contact voltage developed in the frameearth connection (no more than a few volts) isnot dangerous;v if a second fault occurs on another phasebefore the first fault has been eliminated(see fig. 3b and 3c ), the frames of the loads inquestion are brought to the potential developedby the fault current in the protective conductor(PE) connecting them. The SCPDs (for theframes interconnected by the PE) or the RCDs(for the frames with separate earth connections)provide the necessary protection.This deliberately brief presentation of the variousearthing systems clearly cannot cover all thespecific installation possibilities. Readersrequiring more details can consult “CahiersTechniques” no. 114, 172 and 173.a)N321Permanentinsulationmonitor(PIM)Z N : optionalimpedanceZ NSurgelimiterI dI dI I dNI CR BU dC1 C2 C3PEI C1 I C2 I C3I Cb)Permanentinsulationmonitor(PIM)NSurgelimiterI dI dSCPDI dI dSCPD321NPEUd2R d2U d1R d1R Bc)Permanentinsulationmonitor(PIM)NSurgelimiterI d RCDPESCPDI dI dSCPD321NPER BI dUd2R d2R AU d1R d1I dFig. 3 : single [a] and double [b and c] insulation fault on a network operated in IT.Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 178 / p.6
1.3 Choosing an earthing systemAlthough all three earthing systems offer users thesame degree of safety against indirect contact,only the IT system guarantees risk-free continuityof supply in the presence of an insulation fault.This undeniable advantage also has certaindrawbacks: for example the need to locate thisfirst fault and the possibility of overvoltagesoccurring that may affect operation of sensitiveloads.However, choice of earthing system for aninstallation also depends on parameters otherthan safety of persons and continuity of supply,namely:c the environment (e.g. premises with a risk offire or sites frequently struck by lightning);c electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) (presencein the installation of harmonics and radiatingfields, and sensitivity of equipment to suchphenomena);c technicity of installation designers andoperators;c maintenance quality and cost;c network size;c etc.Although consideration of the above parametersguarantees choice of the earthing system mostsuited to the installation, it should be emphasisedthat the advantage offered by the IT system interms of availability (2 nd fault most unlikely)generates installation and operating costs thatshould be compared with the downtime costsgenerated by other earthing systems (operatinglosses and repair costs caused by the firstinsulation fault).1.4 Type of insulationCommon mode impedanceAll electrical networks have an impedance withrespect to earth known as the “common modeimpedance”, the origin of which is insulation ofnetwork cables and loads. This impedanceconsists of the leakage capacity and resistancebetween each live conductor and the earth.In LV, the leakage resistance of a new cable isaround 10 MΩ per kilometer and per phase,whereas its capacity evenly distributed withrespect to earth is approximately 0.25 µF, i.e.12.7 kΩ at 50 Hz.It should also be noted that in MV and HV thisleakage capacity is even greater and MUST betaken into account when drawing up a protectionplan (see “Cahier Technique” no. 62).Loads also have a natural leakage capacity,usually negligible.Effect of distributed capacity in the IT systemIn electrical installations, other capacities areadded to the network cable ones. This is thecase of certain electronic loads that aregenerators of HF harmonic currents, in particularwhen they use the chopper principle (e.g. pulsewith modulation converters). However,ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standardsstate that these HF currents must be shunted toearth, resulting in the presence of filters and thuscapacitors between phases and frame.According to the number of loads, theircontribution to the network’s “leakage” capacitycan be significant or even important.Measurements taken on a variety of electricalpower networks show that capacity variesconsiderably from network to network andcovers a range of a few µF to a few dozen µF.Excessively high capacities may question theadvantage of the IT earthing system: if, on thefirst fault, the value of network impedance withrespect to earth means that contact voltageexceeds 50 V, safety of persons is notguaranteed. This is rare, however, as with a10 Ω earth connection, the network’s earthleakage capacity must exceed 70 µF (23 µF perphase if the neutral is not distributed).An IT network must therefore have a limitedcapacity with respect to earth, and the presenceof loads equipped with HF filters must be takeninto account in the network design stage.Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 178 / p.7
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