Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ..........................................2467.6 Comparison with Earlier Tests ........................................2477.7 Nuisance Alarms ...................................................2508 Summary ................................................................2539 Conclusions ..............................................................25910 References ..............................................................261Appendix A: Alarm Activation and Time to Untenable Conditions During Tests ofResidential Smoke Alarms Included in the Study .......................... A-1Appendix B: FTIR Gas Measurement in Home Smoke Alarm Tests .................B-1viii
Figures and TablesFiguresFigure 1. Sample sensor test board used during tests of residential smoke alarms ...........11Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (all units in cm)...................................13Figure 3. Propene smoke generator................................................14Figure 4. Propene smoke calibration run...........................................15Figure 5. Smolder source, staged wick ignition device ................................15Figure 6. Smolder smoke calibration run...........................................16Figure 7. Smolder smoke CO calibration run .......................................16Figure 8. UL grey smoke (smolder smoke) sensitivity limits and FE/DE data ..............17Figure 9. UL black smoke sensitivity limits and corresponding FE/DE data ...............17Figure 10. Alarm identification coding ............................................24Figure 11. Calibration runs for Ion-1 alarm.........................................25Figure 12. Calibration runs for Ion-3 alarm ........................................25Figure 13. Calibration runs for Ion-4 alarm .........................................26Figure 14. Calibration runs for Photo-1 alarm .......................................26Figure 15. Calibration runs for Photo-2 alarm .......................................27Figure 16. Calibration runs for ASP alarm .........................................27Figure 17. Calibration runs for CO alarms .........................................28Figure 18. Photo-1, eight wicks – 12 s delay, Disp 1 and Disp 7 alarms ..................30Figure 19. Photo-1, 16 wicks – 12 s delay, Disp 1 and Disp 7 alarms ....................30Figure 20. Photo-1, eight wicks – 12 s delay, Disp 1 and Disp 7 alarms ..................31Figure 21. Photo-1, eight wicks – 30 s delay, Disp 4 and Disp 10 alarms .................31Figure 22. Photo-1, eight wicks – 12 s delay, Disp 37 and Disp 40 alarms ................32Figure 23. Photo-1, eight wicks, 12 s delay, Disp 46 and Disp 55 alarms .................32Figure 24. Photo-1, eight wicks – 12 s delay, Disp 52 and Disp 58 alarms ................33Figure 25. Photo-1, eight wicks – 12 s delay, Disp 61 and Disp 64 alarms ................33Figure 26. Photo-1, eight wicks – 12 s delay, Disp 10 and Disp 55 alarms ................34Figure 27. Photo-1, 16 wicks – 12 s delay, Disp 10 and Disp 55 alarms ..................34Figure 28. Ion-1, three wicks - 30 s delay, Disp 11 and Disp 38 alarms ...................36Figure 29. Ion-1, four wicks - 30 s delay, Disp 11 and Disp 38 alarms ....................36Figure 30. Ion-1, four wicks - 30 s delay, Disp 2 and Disp 5 alarms .....................37Figure 31. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s delay, Disp 2 and Disp 5 alarms ........................37Figure 32. Ion-1, four wicks 30 s delay, Disp 8 and Disp 44 alarms ......................38Figure 33. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s delay, Disp 8 and Disp 44 alarms .......................38Figure 34. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s delay, Disp 41 and Disp 51 alarms ......................39Figure 35. Ion-1, three wicks 12 s delay, Disp 53 and Disp 44 alarms ....................39Figure 36. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s delay, Disp 60 and Disp 63 alarms ......................40ix
Page 1: NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
Page 4 and 5: Certain commercial entities, equipm
Page 8 and 9: 2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
Page 12 and 13: Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
Page 14 and 15: Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
Page 16 and 17: Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
Page 18 and 19: Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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Page 22 and 23: The fire emulator/detector evaluato
Page 24 and 25: installed close to cooking applianc
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Page 28 and 29: Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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Page 32 and 33: A second test site, obtained throug
Page 34 and 35: Thus typical residential sprinklers
Page 37 and 38: 2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
Page 41 and 42: urner fuel and air wereincremented
Page 43 and 44: Thus, within the range typical ofio
Page 45 and 46: k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
Page 47 and 48: The test series are identified as S
Page 49 and 50: Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
Page 51 and 52: 87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
Page 53 and 54: 87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
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The flaming chair was chosen with a
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3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
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Finally, a size distribution measur
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of the limited supply of analog-mod
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5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
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Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
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Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
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Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
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Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
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Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
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Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
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Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
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Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
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Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
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Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
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• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
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5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
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Alarm Code was revised to require s
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Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
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0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
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One can still observe trends in the
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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trend and both experience two peak
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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On average, the photoelectric alarm
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Table 28. Available egress time (in
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800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
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protection against injury, life los
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ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
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The FE/DE nuisance source tests cap
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8 SummaryThe data developed in this
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4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
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Finally, a press day was held that
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9 Conclusions1. The data developed
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10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
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[23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
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[48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
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Calculated Alarm Times
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
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Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
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Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
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Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
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Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
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Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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81828384858687888990919293949596979
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23323423523623723823924024124224324
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30730830931031131231331431531631731
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38138238338438538638738838939039139
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52752852953053153253353453553653753
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67867968068168268368468568668768868
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75475575675775875976076176276376476
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83083183283383483583683783883984084
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90690790890991091191291391491591691
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10661067106810691070107110721073107
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11541155115611571158115911601161116
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12421243124412451246124712481249125
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13301331133213331334133513361337133
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Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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