Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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Test SDC31 Smoldering Chair in Living RoomTime 1key postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 m2 ave low mid highAlarm Master Bedroom (A) x x ION-1-A-3-2 Ion1A volt TCA_1 0 0 0 2.07 5.96 5601 5751 6103Alarm x x ION-3-A-1-4-1 Ion3A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 0 1.247 1706.6 5453 5567 5685Alarm x x x ION-4-A-7B-10 Ion4A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 2 2.498 821.75 5665 5917 7067Alarm x x PHOTO-1-A-5-3 Pho1A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 -1.5661 7.8556 236.49 5473 5481 5563Alarm x x x PHOTO-3-A-7A-10 Pho3A millivolts TCA_1 0 1 -3.5051 15.301 59.5 941 5529 5609Alarm x x ASPIRATED-1-A-0-3 Asp1A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 -1.393 2.0647 694.7 5189 5339 No AlarmAlarm Burn Room Bedroom (B) x x ION-1-BE-3-9 Ion1B volt TCB_1 0 0 0 1.863 5.97 5477 5477 5479Alarm x x ION-3-BE-4-11 Ion3B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 0 1.299 1958.15 5749 6001 6233Alarm x x x ION-4-BE-7B-1 Ion4B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 2 1.506 673.59 5933 8103 No AlarmAlarm x x PHOTO-1-BE-5-4 Pho1B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 -3.9055 10.005 182.97 5501 5539 5641Alarm x x x PHOTO-3-BE-7A-1 Pho3B millivolt TCB_1 0 1 -2.4159 12.874 90.26 5531 5569 5603Alarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x ION-1-C-3-11 Ion1C volt TCC_1 0 0 0 2.095 6.16 5573 5971 7081Alarm x x x ION-3-C-4-10 Ion3C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 0 0.984 1847.8 5117 5127 5131Alarm x x x x ION-4-C-7B-6 Ion4C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 2 2.624 693.6 5011 5069 5155Alarm x x x PHOTO-1-C-5-1 Pho1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -2.2747 8.1775 288.93 4771 5051 5055Alarm x x x x PHOTO-3-C-7C-6 Pho3C millivolt TCC_1 0 1 -1.8254 12.032 46.67 5025 5031 5037Alarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-C-0-5 Asp1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.6726 2.1444 687.46 4501 4795 No AlarmAlarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x ION-1-D-3-8 Ion1D volt TCD_1 0 0 0 1.823 6.13 5061 5091 5157Alarm x x x ION-3-D-4-7 Ion3D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 0 1.007 2193.35 5383 5417 5465Alarm x x x x ION-4-D-7B-4 Ion4D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 2 2.926 758.78 5477 5483 5539Alarm x x x PHOTO-1-D-5-5 Pho1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.9634 6.8817 344.54 3293 5513 5525Alarm x x x x PHOTO-3-D-7D-4 Pho3D millivolt TCD_1 0 1 -2.408 11.2 76.39 3343 5281 5483Alarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-D-0-7 Asp1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.7326 3.265 685.47 4899 5123 5233key postion level level + br all dual name label units from toDalarm Bedroom #3 (E) x x PHOTO-2-DISP DiPh2D volt 4243 4245Dalarm x x ION-2-DISP DiIo2D volt 4903 4905Dalarm x x ION-4-DISP DiIo4D volt 4909 4911Sprinkler x Pres_2 millivolt 8101 8103key postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 ave low med highCOalarm Master Bedroom (A) x x CO-1-A-1-6 CO1A millivolt 0 0 0 -18.99 100.6 -1.15 4611 5251 5807COalarm x x CO-2-A-2-8 CO2A millivolt 0 0 0 -52.2 120 503.05 3557 4455 5561COalarm x x CO-3-A-3-3 CO3A millivolt 0 0 0 -5.261 161.6 57.96 7053 7143 7473COalarm Burn Room Bedroom (B) x x CO-1-A-1-17 CO1B millivolt 0 0 0 34.37 140.1 -1.52 4075 4661 5925COalarm x x CO-2-A-2-3 CO2B millivolt 0 0 0 -47.77 99.59 500.08 3195 4451 5583COalarm x x CO-3-A-3-12 CO3B millivolt 0 0 0 -2.072 169.1 78.43 7519 7735 7985COalarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x CO-1-A-1-9 CO1C millivolt 0 0 0 -22.58 180.9 0.45 4485 4485 5133COalarm x x x CO-2-A-2-12 CO2C millivolt 0 0 0 -45.38 93.6 504.51 3773 4763 5099COalarm x x x CO-3-A-3-6 CO3C millivolt 0 0 0 -0.872 172.9 86.14 5757 6027 6507#COalarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x CO-1-D-1-14 CO1D millivolt 0 0 0 56.17 110.1COalarm x x x CO-2-D-2-9 CO2D millivolt 0 0 0 -58.97 138 503.49 2845 3791 5361COalarm x x x CO-3-D-3-7 CO3D millivolt 0 0 0 -2.483 171.3 46.16 5991 6047 6529
Test SDC32 Flaming Chair in Living Room (test aborted)Time 1key postion dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 m2 ave low mid highTest SDC33 Flaming ChTime 1key postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 m2 ave low mid highAlarm Master Bedroom (A) x x ION-1-A-3-2 Ion1A volt TCA_1 0 0 0 2.07 5.96 120 130 156Alarm x x ION-3-A-1-4-1 Ion3A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 0 1.247 1920.45 116 116 122Alarm x x x ION-4-A-7B-10 Ion4A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 2 2.498 830.95 124 132 150Alarm x x PHOTO-1-A-5-3 Pho1A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 -1.5661 7.8556 287.91 168 184 214Alarm x x x PHOTO-3-A-7A-10 Pho3A millivolts TCA_1 0 1 -3.5051 15.301 56.17 226 No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x ASPIRATED-1-A-0-3 Asp1A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 -1.393 2.0647 690.35 168 206 No AlarmAlarm Burn Room Bedroom (B) x x ION-1-BE-3-9 Ion1B volt TCB_1 0 0 0 1.863 5.96 78 82 110Alarm x x ION-3-BE-4-11 Ion3B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 0 1.299 2054 110 112 114Alarm x x x ION-4-BE-7B-1 Ion4B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 2 1.506 706.44 124 130 148Alarm x x PHOTO-1-BE-5-4 Pho1B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 -3.9055 10.005 241.47 136 184 218Alarm x x x PHOTO-3-BE-7A-1 Pho3B millivolt TCB_1 0 1 -2.4159 12.874 20.38 190 No Alarm No AlarmAlarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x ION-1-C-3-11 Ion1C volt TCC_1 0 0 0 2.095 6.18 104 108 132Alarm x x x ION-3-C-4-10 Ion3C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 0 0.984 1730 88 88 90Alarm x x x x ION-4-C-7B-6 Ion4C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 2 2.624 663.77 80 80 130Alarm x x x PHOTO-1-C-5-1 Pho1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -2.2747 8.1775 348.48 140 150 180Alarm x x x x PHOTO-3-C-7C-6 Pho3C millivolt TCC_1 0 1 -1.8254 12.032 67.42 192 202 220Alarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-C-0-5 Asp1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.6726 2.1444 696.63 136 174 No AlarmAlarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x ION-1-D-3-8 Ion1D volt TCD_1 0 0 0 1.823 5.94 82 84 128Alarm x x x ION-3-D-4-7 Ion3D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 0 1.007 2126.4 76 80 80Alarm x x x x ION-4-D-7B-4 Ion4D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 2 2.926 699.69 78 82 84Alarm x x x PHOTO-1-D-5-5 Pho1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.9634 6.8817 415.75 128 138 182Alarm x x x x PHOTO-3-D-7D-4 Pho3D millivolt TCD_1 0 1 -2.408 11.2 55.47 144 160 186Alarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-D-0-7 Asp1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.7326 3.265 683.53 132 134 168key postion level level + br all dual name label units from toDalarm Living Room (E) x PHOTO-2-DISP DiPh2D volt 104 106Dalarm x ION-2-DISP DiIo2D volt 18 20Dalarm x ION-4-DISP DiIo4D volt 20 22Sprinkler x Pres_2 millivolt No Alarm No Alarmkey postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 ave low med highCOalarm Master Bedroom (A) x x CO-1-A-1-6 CO1A millivolt 0 0 0 -18.99 100.6 -6.54 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-2-A-2-8 CO2A millivolt 0 0 0 -52.2 120 510.79 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-3-A-3-3 CO3A millivolt 0 0 0 -5.261 161.6 52.27 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm Burn Room Bedroom (B) x x CO-1-A-1-17 CO1B millivolt 0 0 0 34.37 140.1 0.86 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-2-A-2-3 CO2B millivolt 0 0 0 -47.77 99.59 504.43 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-3-A-3-12 CO3B millivolt 0 0 0 -2.072 169.1 74.16 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x CO-1-A-1-9 CO1C millivolt 0 0 0 -22.58 180.9 -3.16 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-2-A-2-12 CO2C millivolt 0 0 1 -45.38 93.6 511.12 222 No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-3-A-3-6 CO3C millivolt 0 0 0 -0.872 172.9 22.27 No Alarm No Alarm No Alarm#COalarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x CO-1-D-1-14 CO1D millivolt 0 0 0 56.17 110.1COalarm x x x CO-2-D-2-9 CO2D millivolt 0 0 1 -58.97 138 489.35 208 No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-3-D-3-7 CO3D millivolt 0 0 0 -2.483 171.3 49.81 No Alarm No Alarm No Alarm
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NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
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Certain commercial entities, equipm
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2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
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7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
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Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
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Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
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Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
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Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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xviii
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The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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installed close to cooking applianc
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xxiv
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Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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NIST, and others felt that it was t
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A second test site, obtained throug
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Thus typical residential sprinklers
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2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
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Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
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urner fuel and air wereincremented
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Thus, within the range typical ofio
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k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
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The test series are identified as S
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Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
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The flaming chair was chosen with a
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3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
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Finally, a size distribution measur
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of the limited supply of analog-mod
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5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
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Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
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Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
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Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
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Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
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Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
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Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
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Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
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Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
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Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
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Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
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• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
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5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
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Alarm Code was revised to require s
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Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
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0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
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One can still observe trends in the
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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trend and both experience two peak
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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On average, the photoelectric alarm
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Page 279 and 280: 8 SummaryThe data developed in this
Page 281 and 282: 4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
Page 283 and 284: Finally, a press day was held that
Page 285 and 286: 9 Conclusions1. The data developed
Page 287 and 288: 10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
Page 289 and 290: [23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
Page 291 and 292: [48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
Page 293 and 294: Calculated Alarm Times
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Page 297 and 298: Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
Page 299 and 300: Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
Page 305 and 306: Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
Page 307 and 308: Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
Page 309 and 310: Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
Page 315 and 316: Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
Page 319: Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
Page 323 and 324: Test SDC35 Flaming Chair in Living
Page 329 and 330: Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Page 333 and 334: 81828384858687888990919293949596979
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Page 337 and 338: 23323423523623723823924024124224324
Page 339 and 340: 30730830931031131231331431531631731
Page 341 and 342: 38138238338438538638738838939039139
Page 343 and 344: 45645745845946046146246346446546646
Page 345 and 346: 52752852953053153253353453553653753
Page 347 and 348: 60260360460560660760860961061161261
Page 349 and 350: 67867968068168268368468568668768868
Page 351 and 352: 75475575675775875976076176276376476
Page 353 and 354: 83083183283383483583683783883984084
Page 355 and 356: 90690790890991091191291391491591691
Page 357 and 358: 98298398498598698798898999099199299
Page 359 and 360: 10661067106810691070107110721073107
Page 361 and 362: 11541155115611571158115911601161116
Page 363 and 364: 12421243124412451246124712481249125
Page 365 and 366: 13301331133213331334133513361337133
Page 367 and 368: Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
Page 369 and 370: FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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