Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 mBedroom 32.21 m1.52 m1.52 m0.45 mBedroom 2(Remote Bedroom)5.67 m763.56 mBedroom 1(Closed Room)ClosetBath1.52 m4.34 m5.30 mFigure 89. Layout of second floor of two-story home used for tests of smoke alarm performance
4 Fire Source Testing InstrumentationFire produces heat, smoke, and toxic gases, all of which can threaten human life. In theseexperiments environmental parameters that have an impact on human response were measured.Parameters included temperature rise, toxic gas production, and smoke obscuration. Aspects ofthese that can be measured directly include the gas temperature, mass loss of the burning item,species concentrations, including CO, CO 2 , O 2 , and other gases. The instrumentation andmethods used to measure each ofthese quantities are discussedbelow. Readers interested in ageneral overview of large-scalefire testing data collection andanalyses are referred to Peacockand Babrauskas [21].4.1 TemperatureTemperature measurements wereaccomplished using smalldiameter, bare-bead type Kthermocouples. Thermocoupletrees that consist of thermocouplesspaced evenly from floor toceiling provide a measure ofvertical temperature stratification(an example is shown in figure90). Bare-bead trees werearranged in the room of origin, inat least one remote bedroom, andalong the egress path to providevertical temperature distributionsas a function of time. The barebeadthermocouples wereconstructed from 0.25 mmdiameter wire. Table 7, below,summarizes the location ofFigure 90. Sample instrumentation showing relativelocations of temperature, primary gas analysis, smokeobscuration, and smoke alarm response measurements77
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NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
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Certain commercial entities, equipm
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2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
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7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
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Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
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Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
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Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
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Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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xviii
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The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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installed close to cooking applianc
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xxiv
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Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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NIST, and others felt that it was t
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A second test site, obtained throug
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Thus typical residential sprinklers
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2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
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Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
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urner fuel and air wereincremented
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Thus, within the range typical ofio
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k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
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The test series are identified as S
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Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
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Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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Page 61 and 62: Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Page 89: for all (modified) ionization alarm
Page 92 and 93: Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
Page 94 and 95: The flaming chair was chosen with a
Page 96 and 97: 3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
Page 98 and 99: Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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Page 104 and 105: temperature measurement in the diff
Page 106 and 107: 1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
Page 108 and 109: 4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
Page 110 and 111: With different line lengths, vacuum
Page 112 and 113: Table 9. Locations for primary opti
Page 114 and 115: Finally, a size distribution measur
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Page 119 and 120: 5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
Page 121 and 122: Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
Page 123 and 124: Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
Page 125 and 126: Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
Page 127 and 128: Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
Page 129 and 130: Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
Page 131 and 132: Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
Page 133 and 134: Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
Page 135 and 136: Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
Page 137 and 138: Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
Page 139 and 140: Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
Page 141 and 142: Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
Page 143 and 144: Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
Page 145 and 146: • carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
Page 147 and 148: 5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
Page 149 and 150: Alarm Code was revised to require s
Page 151 and 152: Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
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0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
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One can still observe trends in the
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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trend and both experience two peak
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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On average, the photoelectric alarm
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Table 28. Available egress time (in
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800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
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protection against injury, life los
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ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
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The FE/DE nuisance source tests cap
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8 SummaryThe data developed in this
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4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
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Finally, a press day was held that
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9 Conclusions1. The data developed
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10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
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[23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
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[48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
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Calculated Alarm Times
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
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Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
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Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
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Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
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Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
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Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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12345678910111213141516171819202122
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81828384858687888990919293949596979
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15715815916016116216316416516616716
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23323423523623723823924024124224324
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30730830931031131231331431531631731
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38138238338438538638738838939039139
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45645745845946046146246346446546646
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52752852953053153253353453553653753
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60260360460560660760860961061161261
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67867968068168268368468568668768868
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75475575675775875976076176276376476
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83083183283383483583683783883984084
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90690790890991091191291391491591691
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98298398498598698798898999099199299
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10661067106810691070107110721073107
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11541155115611571158115911601161116
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12421243124412451246124712481249125
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Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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