Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

21.51008010080MICD1D86050Extinction (m -1 )10.5ExtinctionMIC604020MIC Current (pA)MIC Current (pA)604020403020Ionization Output(arbitrary units)A000 100 200 300 400 500Time (s)C1000 100 200 300 400 500Time (s)Extinction (m -1 )21.510.5ExtinctionD1D814012010080604020Photoelectric Output(arbitrary units)Carbon Monoxide Concentration(Volume Fraction x10 6 )5040302010Analyzer000 100 200 300 400 50000 100 200 300 400 500BTime (s)DTime (s)Figure 204. Bread in a toaster, fan speed 12 Hz228
2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction (m -1 )1.510.5ExtinctionMIC604020MIC Current (pA)MIC Current (pA)604020403020Ionization Output(arbitrary units)A000 100 200 300 400 500Time (s)C1000 100 200 300 400 500Time (s)Extinction (m -1 )2.521.510.5ExtinctionD1D814012010080604020Photoelectric Output(arbitrary units)Carbon Monoxide Concentration(Volume Fraction x10 6 )10080604020Analyzer000 100 200 300 400 50000 100 200 300 400 500BTime (s)DTime (s)Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan speed 12 Hz229
Page 1:
NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
Page 4 and 5:
Certain commercial entities, equipm
Page 8 and 9:
2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
Page 10 and 11:
7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
Page 12 and 13:
Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
Page 14 and 15:
Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
Page 16 and 17:
Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
Page 18 and 19:
Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
Page 20 and 21:
xviii
Page 22 and 23:
The fire emulator/detector evaluato
Page 24 and 25:
installed close to cooking applianc
Page 26 and 27:
xxiv
Page 28 and 29:
Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
Page 30 and 31:
NIST, and others felt that it was t
Page 32 and 33:
A second test site, obtained throug
Page 34 and 35:
Thus typical residential sprinklers
Page 37 and 38:
2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
Page 41 and 42:
urner fuel and air wereincremented
Page 43 and 44:
Thus, within the range typical ofio
Page 45 and 46:
k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
Page 47 and 48:
The test series are identified as S
Page 49 and 50:
Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
Page 51 and 52:
87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
Page 53 and 54:
87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
Page 55 and 56:
Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
Page 57 and 58:
1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
Page 75 and 76:
0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
Page 77 and 78:
0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89:
for all (modified) ionization alarm
Page 92 and 93:
Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
Page 94 and 95:
The flaming chair was chosen with a
Page 96 and 97:
3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
Page 98 and 99:
Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
Page 100 and 101:
20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
Page 102 and 103:
3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
Page 104 and 105:
temperature measurement in the diff
Page 106 and 107:
1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
Page 108 and 109:
4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
Page 110 and 111:
With different line lengths, vacuum
Page 112 and 113:
Table 9. Locations for primary opti
Page 114 and 115:
Finally, a size distribution measur
Page 116 and 117:
of the limited supply of analog-mod
Page 119 and 120:
5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
Page 121 and 122:
Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
Page 123 and 124:
Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
Page 125 and 126:
Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
Page 127 and 128:
Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
Page 129 and 130:
Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
Page 131 and 132:
Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
Page 133 and 134:
Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
Page 135 and 136:
Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
Page 137 and 138:
Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
Page 139 and 140:
Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
Page 141 and 142:
Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
Page 143 and 144:
Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
Page 145 and 146:
• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
Page 147 and 148:
5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
Page 149 and 150:
Alarm Code was revised to require s
Page 151 and 152:
Measurements of the aerosol number
Page 153 and 154:
ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
Page 155 and 156:
Number Concentration (particles/cm3
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
Page 163 and 164:
SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
Page 165 and 166:
5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
Page 167 and 168:
Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
Page 169 and 170:
50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
Page 171 and 172:
50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
Page 173 and 174:
Table 19. Estimated particle size f
Page 175 and 176:
6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
Page 177 and 178:
A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
Page 179 and 180:
lags the MIC current due to the tim
Page 181 and 182:
On several occasions, the SBC data
Page 183 and 184:
0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
Page 185 and 186:
One can still observe trends in the
Page 187 and 188:
Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
Page 193 and 194:
trend and both experience two peak
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 156 shows the results for ba
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Figure 161 shows the results for ma
Page 203 and 204: ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
Page 205 and 206: Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A7006005
Page 207 and 208: photoelectric alarms; however one c
Page 209 and 210: 6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
Page 213 and 214: 6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
Page 219 and 220: 6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
Page 223 and 224: ealizing the early peak, then climb
Page 225 and 226: • A somewhat counterintuitive obs
Page 233 and 234: 6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
Page 235 and 236: 10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
Page 237 and 238: 6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
Page 239 and 240: 0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
Page 241 and 242: 0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
Page 243 and 244: 0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
Page 245 and 246: 0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
Page 247 and 248: 6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
Page 249 and 250: Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
Page 251 and 252: 21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
Page 253: 21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
Page 257 and 258: 7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
Page 259 and 260: one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
Page 261 and 262: Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
Page 263 and 264: series of actions beginning with cu
Page 265 and 266: Distances are taken as straight lin
Page 267 and 268: On average, the photoelectric alarm
Page 269 and 270: Table 28. Available egress time (in
Page 271 and 272: 800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
Page 273 and 274: protection against injury, life los
Page 275 and 276: ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
Page 277 and 278: The FE/DE nuisance source tests cap
Page 279 and 280: 8 SummaryThe data developed in this
Page 281 and 282: 4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
Page 283 and 284: Finally, a press day was held that
Page 285 and 286: 9 Conclusions1. The data developed
Page 287 and 288: 10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
Page 289 and 290: [23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
Page 291 and 292: [48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
Page 293 and 294: Calculated Alarm Times
Page 295 and 296: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 297 and 298: Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
Page 299 and 300: Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
Page 305 and 306:
Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
Page 307 and 308:
Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
Page 309 and 310:
Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
Page 311 and 312:
Test SDC21 Smoldering Mattress in B
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Test SDC37 Smoldering Mattress in B
Page 327 and 328:
Test SDC39 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
Page 329 and 330:
Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
Page 331 and 332:
12345678910111213141516171819202122
Page 333 and 334:
81828384858687888990919293949596979
Page 335 and 336:
15715815916016116216316416516616716
Page 337 and 338:
23323423523623723823924024124224324
Page 339 and 340:
30730830931031131231331431531631731
Page 341 and 342:
38138238338438538638738838939039139
Page 343 and 344:
45645745845946046146246346446546646
Page 345 and 346:
52752852953053153253353453553653753
Page 347 and 348:
60260360460560660760860961061161261
Page 349 and 350:
67867968068168268368468568668768868
Page 351 and 352:
75475575675775875976076176276376476
Page 353 and 354:
83083183283383483583683783883984084
Page 355 and 356:
90690790890991091191291391491591691
Page 357 and 358:
98298398498598698798898999099199299
Page 359 and 360:
10661067106810691070107110721073107
Page 361 and 362:
11541155115611571158115911601161116
Page 363 and 364:
12421243124412451246124712481249125
Page 365 and 366:
13301331133213331334133513361337133
Page 367 and 368:
Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
Page 369 and 370:
FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
Page 371 and 372:
Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
Page 373 and 374:
2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
Page 375 and 376:
Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
Page 377 and 378:
Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
Page 379 and 380:
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
Page 381 and 382:
and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
Page 383 and 384:
.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
Page 385 and 386:
.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
Page 387 and 388:
.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
Page 389 and 390:
.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
Page 391 and 392:
.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
Page 393 and 394:
1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
Page 395 and 396:
0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
show all

Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?