Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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Sprinkler Response2000Initiation of Suppression15001000Output (mV)5000-500-10000 100 200 300 400Time (s)Figure 121. Measured output for a tell-tale residential sprinkler in hallway outside mainbedroom during a flaming ignition test of a mattress, test SDC05118
• carbon monoxide alarms – 50 x 10 -6 volume fraction (50 ppm)• ionization alarms – 4.3 %/m (1.3 %/ft)• photoelectric alarms – 6.6 %/m (2 %/ft)Section 2.8 discusses determination of these alarm points. For some alarms, a single alarm timewas obvious from the output (for example, see figure 120). For the one location in the hallwayoutside the main bedroom, alarm times are shown in table 13. For this location, all alarmsreached typical alarm points in times ranging from a first alarm at 37 s to one shortly afterinitiation of manual suppression at 192 s. For many alarms, the choice of alarm point had littleeffect on the resulting alarm times.Table 13. Alarm Times for Several Smoke Alarms in Hallway Outside Main Bedroom DuringFlaming Ignition Test of a Mattress, Test SDC05IDCalibrations (from table 1)Alarm Times (s)m 0 m 1 low mid highSmoke Alarm ION-1-D-3-7 0 2.09 37 37 42Smoke Alarm ION-3-D-4-13 0 1.14 37 37 37Smoke Alarm a ION-4-D-7-3 2 2.56 n.a. b n.a. n.a.Smoke Alarm PHOTO-1-D-5-4 -1.96 6.88 42 42 52Smoke Alarm a PHOTO-3-D-7-3 -1.42 9.00 172 192 197Smoke Alarm ASPIRATED-1-D-0-8 -1.27 1.84 52 52 52CO Alarm CO-1-D-1-5 -43.6 233.3 n.a. n.a. n.a.CO Alarm CO-2-D-2-2 -45.1 93.0 142 142 172CO Alarm CO-3-D-3-5 -3.44 165.5 87 147 177a – Alarms Ion-4 and Photo-3 are components of a dual mode alarmb – n.a. = no activation indicated5.4 Calculation of Time to Untenable Conditions5.4.1 Tenability LimitsThe time available for occupant egress is simply the amount of time from the first indication of afire (in this case, the alarm time) to the time at which conditions become untenable. This topichas been the subject of current work by an international committee of experts working as ISOTechnical Committee (TC) 92, subcommittee (SC) 3. This group has published a technical119
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NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
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Certain commercial entities, equipm
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2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
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7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
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Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
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Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
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Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
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Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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xviii
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The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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installed close to cooking applianc
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xxiv
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Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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NIST, and others felt that it was t
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A second test site, obtained throug
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Thus typical residential sprinklers
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2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
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Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
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urner fuel and air wereincremented
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Thus, within the range typical ofio
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k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
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The test series are identified as S
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Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
Page 94 and 95: The flaming chair was chosen with a
Page 96 and 97: 3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
Page 98 and 99: Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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Page 102 and 103: 3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
Page 104 and 105: temperature measurement in the diff
Page 106 and 107: 1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
Page 108 and 109: 4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
Page 110 and 111: With different line lengths, vacuum
Page 112 and 113: Table 9. Locations for primary opti
Page 114 and 115: Finally, a size distribution measur
Page 116 and 117: of the limited supply of analog-mod
Page 119 and 120: 5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
Page 121 and 122: Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
Page 123 and 124: Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
Page 125 and 126: Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
Page 127 and 128: Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
Page 129 and 130: Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
Page 131 and 132: Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
Page 133 and 134: Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
Page 135 and 136: Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
Page 137 and 138: Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
Page 139 and 140: Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
Page 141 and 142: Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
Page 143: Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
Page 147 and 148: 5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
Page 149 and 150: Alarm Code was revised to require s
Page 151 and 152: Measurements of the aerosol number
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Page 155 and 156: Number Concentration (particles/cm3
Page 161 and 162: 10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
Page 163 and 164: SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
Page 165 and 166: 5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
Page 167 and 168: Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
Page 169 and 170: 50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
Page 171 and 172: 50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
Page 173 and 174: Table 19. Estimated particle size f
Page 175 and 176: 6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
Page 177 and 178: A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
Page 179 and 180: lags the MIC current due to the tim
Page 181 and 182: On several occasions, the SBC data
Page 183 and 184: 0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
Page 185 and 186: One can still observe trends in the
Page 187 and 188: Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
Page 189 and 190: Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A4003503
Page 191 and 192: • Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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On average, the photoelectric alarm
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Table 28. Available egress time (in
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800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
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protection against injury, life los
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ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
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The FE/DE nuisance source tests cap
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8 SummaryThe data developed in this
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4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
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Finally, a press day was held that
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9 Conclusions1. The data developed
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10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
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[23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
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[48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
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Calculated Alarm Times
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
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Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
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Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
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Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
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Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
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Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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81828384858687888990919293949596979
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15715815916016116216316416516616716
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23323423523623723823924024124224324
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38138238338438538638738838939039139
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52752852953053153253353453553653753
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75475575675775875976076176276376476
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83083183283383483583683783883984084
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90690790890991091191291391491591691
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Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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