Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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voltage. In the case of photoelectric and CO sensors, the difference between the calibration“clean air” value (-m 0 /m 1 ) and the average initial value was added to the data to adjust for anyoffset. In the case of the ionization sensors, equation 1 was applied to the test data and using theinitial “clean air” average as V 0 .2.5 Alarm IdentificationThroughout the report, each alarm is identified with a specific code that identifies the model ofthe alarm, the location the alarm was used in a test, and the specific sample of the alarm used(see figure 10). The code has the format ‘device type’ - ‘model’ - ‘alarm board location’ - ‘alarmboard position’ - ‘alarm sample’ where ‘device type’ specifies the technology of the device,‘model’ is a number which identifies a specific model of the type, ‘alarm board location’ is aletter code that specifies where in the structure the alarm was located for a specific test, ‘alarmboard position’ is a number that specifies the location of the alarm on an alarm board in aparticular test, and ‘alarm sample’ is a number which identifies a specific sample of an alarm.For example, Ion-1-A-3-8 describes a specific model of an ionization alarm (Ion-1) located onalarm sensor board ‘A’ at position 3 (-A-3) and it is identified as the eighth sample of thatparticular model alarm. Since the calibrations were not dependent upon a position in a test andthese test locations were randomly varied throughout the test series to minimize systematicerrors due to specific alarm placement, the ‘alarm board location’ and ‘alarm board position’ areleft blank in table 1. Appendix A includes full identification for every alarm in each of the tests.Ion - 1 - A - 3 - 8Alarm TypeAlarm ModelAlarm BoardPositionSampleIonizationPhotoelectricAspiratedCarbon MonoxideNumeric codeindicating ofspecific alarmmanufacturerand modelManufactured HomeA = Bedroom 2 (remote bedroom)B = Bedroom 1C = Hallway 1 (outside bedroom 1)D = Hallway 2 (outside bedroom 2)E = Living Area (near hallway 2)Numeric codeindicating ofposition onalarm board(see figure 48)Numberindicatingspecific sampleof the alarmmodelTwo-story HomeA = Upstairs Bedroom 1 (remote bedroom)B = Entry Hall FoyerC = Upstairs HallwayD = First Floor DenFigure 10. Alarm identification coding24
87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder smokePropene Soot00 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3YFigure 11. Calibration runs for Ion-1 alarm87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder smokePropene soot00 1 2 3 4 5YFigure 12. Calibration runs for Ion-3 alarm25
Page 1: NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
Page 4 and 5: Certain commercial entities, equipm
Page 8 and 9: 2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
Page 10 and 11: 7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
Page 12 and 13: Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
Page 14 and 15: Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
Page 16 and 17: Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
Page 18 and 19: Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
Page 20 and 21: xviii
Page 22 and 23: The fire emulator/detector evaluato
Page 24 and 25: installed close to cooking applianc
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Page 28 and 29: Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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Page 32 and 33: A second test site, obtained throug
Page 34 and 35: Thus typical residential sprinklers
Page 37 and 38: 2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
Page 41 and 42: urner fuel and air wereincremented
Page 43 and 44: Thus, within the range typical ofio
Page 45 and 46: k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
Page 47 and 48: The test series are identified as S
Page 49: Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
Page 53 and 54: 87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
Page 57 and 58: 1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
Page 61 and 62: Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
Page 67 and 68: Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
Page 73 and 74: 2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
Page 75 and 76: 0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
Page 77 and 78: 0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
Page 83 and 84: 0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
Page 89: for all (modified) ionization alarm
Page 92 and 93: Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
Page 94 and 95: The flaming chair was chosen with a
Page 96 and 97: 3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
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Finally, a size distribution measur
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of the limited supply of analog-mod
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5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
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Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
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Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
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Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
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Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
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Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
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Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
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Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
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Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
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Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
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Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
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• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
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5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
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Alarm Code was revised to require s
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Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
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0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
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One can still observe trends in the
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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trend and both experience two peak
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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On average, the photoelectric alarm
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Table 28. Available egress time (in
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800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
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protection against injury, life los
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ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
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The FE/DE nuisance source tests cap
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8 SummaryThe data developed in this
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4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
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Finally, a press day was held that
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9 Conclusions1. The data developed
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10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
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[23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
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[48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
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Calculated Alarm Times
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
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Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
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Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
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Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
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Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
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Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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12345678910111213141516171819202122
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81828384858687888990919293949596979
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15715815916016116216316416516616716
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23323423523623723823924024124224324
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30730830931031131231331431531631731
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38138238338438538638738838939039139
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45645745845946046146246346446546646
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52752852953053153253353453553653753
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60260360460560660760860961061161261
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67867968068168268368468568668768868
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75475575675775875976076176276376476
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83083183283383483583683783883984084
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90690790890991091191291391491591691
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98298398498598698798898999099199299
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10661067106810691070107110721073107
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11541155115611571158115911601161116
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12421243124412451246124712481249125
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13301331133213331334133513361337133
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Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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