Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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Test SDC02 Flaming Chair in Living RoomTime 1key postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 m2 ave low mid highAlarm Master Bedroom (A) x x ION-1-A-3-1 Ion1A volt TCA_1 0 0 0 2.151 5.35 102 106 134Alarm x x ION-3-A-4-10 Ion3A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 0 0.984 4399.5 104 124 140Alarm x x x ION-4-A-7B-6 Ion4A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 2 3.353 167.83 138 160 194Alarm x x PHOTO-1-A-5-1 Pho1A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 -0.80196 5.7793 226.77 136 154 176Alarm x x x PHOTO-3-A-7A-6 Pho3A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 -1.4218 9.0001 948.35 102 102 126Alarm x x ASPIRATED-1-A-0-7 Asp1A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 -1.3703 2.6251 700.33 146 182 184Alarm Burn Room Bedroom (B) x x ION-1-BE-3-10 Ion1BE volt TCB_1 0 0 0 1.919 6.05 66 70 118Alarm x x ION-3-BE-4-3 Ion3B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 0 1.215 4663.05 72 82 112Alarm x x x ION-4-BE-7B-4 Ion4B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 2 2.926 17.09 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x PHOTO-1-BE-5-3 Pho1B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 -1.499 6.7174 257.46 110 134 176Alarm x x x PHOTO-3-BE-7A-4 Pho3B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 -0.87544 8.5248 5.93 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x ION-1-C-3-7 Ion1C volt TCC_1 0 0 0 1.685 5.92 68 70 118Alarm x x x ION-3-C-4-13 Ion3C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 0 1.147 4390.2 76 78 90Alarm x x x x ION-4-C-7B-3 Ion4C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 2 1.463 175.19 142 182 232Alarm x x x PHOTO-1-C-5-4 Pho1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.5233 8.5698 267.2 106 122 150Alarm x x x x PHOTO-3-C-7C-3 Pho3C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.7342 10.833 900.85 64 66 72Alarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-C-0-8 Asp1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.3285 1.9378 731.83 102 138 No AlarmAlarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x ION-1-D-3-11 Ion1D volt TCD_1 0 0 0 2.093 6.21 38 44 58Alarm x x x ION-3-D-4-9 Ion3D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 0 1.144 4519.05 44 48 62Alarm x x x x ION-4-D-7B-8 Ion4D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 2 2.562 -8.53 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x PHOTO-1-D-5-4 Pho1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.9634 6.8817 365.47 112 120 158Alarm x x x x PHOTO-3-D-7D-3 Pho3D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.4218 9.0001 -1.65 228 No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-D-0-8 Asp1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.2765 1.846 714.7 114 114 No Alarmkey postion level level + br all dual name label units from toDalarm Living Room (E) x PHOTO-2-E-DISP DiPho2 volt 76 78Dalarm x ION-2-E-DISP DiIon2 volt 22 24Dalarm x ION-4-E-DISP DiIon4 volt 26 28Sprinkler x Pres_1 millivolt No Alarm No Alarmkey postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 ave low med highCOalarm Master Bedroom (A) x x CO-1-A-1-4 CO1A millivolt 0 0 0 -4.283 129.73 -0.05 266 282 No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-2-A-2-5 CO2A millivolt 0 0 0 -48.823 113.74 511.34 18 228 No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-3-A-3-4 CO3A millivolt 0 0 0 -3.6044 156.98 26.2 184 228 No AlarmCOalarm Burn Room Bedroom (B) x x CO-1-B-1-6 CO1B millivolt 0 0 0 -18.995 100.65 12.41 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-2-B-2-11 CO2B millivolt 0 0 0 -50.344 104.23 506.66 212 252 No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-3-B-3-6 CO3B millivolt 0 0 0 -0.87202 172.93 21.42 178 222 No AlarmCOalarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x CO-1-C-1-8 CO1C millivolt 0 0 0 -33.43 192.31 0 236 236 260COalarm x x x CO-2-C-2-1 CO2C millivolt 0 0 0 -45.93 109.43 501.71 188 224 304COalarm x x x CO-3-C-3-8 CO3C millivolt 0 0 0 -2.534 165.5 22.15 178 208 282COalarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x CO-1-D-1-5 CO1D millivolt 0 0 0 -43.62 233.28 -25.02 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-2-D-2-2 CO2D millivolt 0 0 0 -45.107 92.96 505.98 188 218 No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-3-D-3-5 CO3D millivolt 0 0 0 -3.4431 165.47 25.75 154 198 244
Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in BedroomTime 1key postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 m2 ave low mid highAlarm Master Bedroom (A) x x ION-1-A-3-1 Ion1A volt TCA_1 0 0 0 2.151 5.39 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x ION-3-A-4-10 Ion3A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 0 0.984 4451.35 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ION-4-A-7B-6 Ion4A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 2 3.353 169.88 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x PHOTO-1-A-5-1 Pho1A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 -0.80196 5.7793 227.86 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x PHOTO-3-A-7A-6 Pho3A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 -1.4218 9.0001 969.75 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x ASPIRATED-1-A-0-7 Asp1A millivolt TCA_1 0 0 -1.3703 2.6251 718.04 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x ION-1-C-3-7 Ion1C volt TCC_1 0 0 0 1.685 5.91 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ION-3-C-4-13 Ion3C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 0 1.147 4340.5 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x x ION-4-C-7B-3 Ion4C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 2 1.463 176.29 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x PHOTO-1-C-5-4 Pho1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.5233 8.5698 269.4 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x x PHOTO-3-C-7C-3 Pho3C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.7342 10.833 914.4 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-C-0-8 Asp1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.3285 1.9378 731.52 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x ION-1-D-3-11 Ion1D volt TCD_1 0 0 0 2.093 6.18 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ION-3-D-4-9 Ion3D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 0 1.144 4511.85 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x x ION-4-D-7B-8 Ion4D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 2 2.562 -0.75 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x PHOTO-1-D-5-4 Pho1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.9634 6.8817 355.9 3841 3981 No AlarmAlarm x x x x PHOTO-3-D-7D-3 Pho3D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.4218 9.0001 -1.12 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-D-0-8 Asp1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.2765 1.846 727.25 1431 3921 No AlarmAlarm Living Room (E) x ION-1-BE-3-10 Ion1BE volt TCE_1 0 0 0 1.919 6.05 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x ION-3-BE-4-3 Ion3B millivolt TCE_1 0 0 0 1.215 4628.3 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x ION-4-BE-7B-4 Ion4B millivolt TCE_1 0 0 2 2.926 17.01 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x PHOTO-1-BE-5-3 Pho1B millivolt TCE_1 0 0 -1.499 6.7174 250.02 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x PHOTO-3-BE-7A-4 Pho3B millivolt TCE_1 0 0 -0.87544 8.5248 5.36 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x ASPIRATED-1-E-0-5 Asp1E millivolt TCE_1 0 0 -1.5123 2.5683 -718.46 1686 4136 No Alarmkey postion level level + br all dual name label units from toDalarm Burn Room Bedroom (B) x x PHOTO-2-B-DISP DiPho2 volt 3866 3871Dalarm x x ION-2-B-DISP DiIon2 volt No Alarm No AlarmDalarm x x ION-4-B-DISP DiIon4 volt No Alarm No AlarmSprinkler x Pres_1 millivolt No Alarm No Alarmkey postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 ave low med highCOalarm Master Bedroom (A) x x CO-1-A-1-4 CO1A millivolt 0 0 0 -4.283 129.73 -0.03 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-2-A-2-5 CO2A millivolt 0 0 0 -48.823 113.74 512.7 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-3-A-3-4 CO3A millivolt 0 0 0 -3.6044 156.98 27.85 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x CO-1-C-1-8 CO1C millivolt 0 0 0 -33.43 192.31 -0.52 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-2-C-2-1 CO2C millivolt 0 0 0 -45.93 109.43 506.08 5301 No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-3-C-3-8 CO3C millivolt 0 0 0 -2.534 165.5 22.22 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x CO-1-D-1-5 CO1D millivolt 0 0 0 -43.62 233.28 -7.61 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-2-D-2-2 CO2D millivolt 0 0 0 -45.107 92.96 513.48 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-3-D-3-5 CO3D millivolt 0 0 0 -3.4431 165.47 27.02 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm Living Room (E) x CO-1-B-1-6 CO1B millivolt 0 0 0 -18.995 100.65 -2.94 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x CO-2-B-2-11 CO2B millivolt 0 0 0 -50.344 104.23 513.94 5221 No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x CO-3-B-3-6 CO3B millivolt 0 0 0 -0.87202 172.93 21.86 5256 5256 5301
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NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
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Certain commercial entities, equipm
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2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
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7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
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Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
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Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
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Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
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Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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xviii
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The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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installed close to cooking applianc
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xxiv
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Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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NIST, and others felt that it was t
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A second test site, obtained throug
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Thus typical residential sprinklers
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2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
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Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
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urner fuel and air wereincremented
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Thus, within the range typical ofio
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k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
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The test series are identified as S
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Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
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The flaming chair was chosen with a
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3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
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Finally, a size distribution measur
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of the limited supply of analog-mod
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5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
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Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
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Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
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Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
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Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
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Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
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Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
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Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
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Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
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Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
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Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
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• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
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5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
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Alarm Code was revised to require s
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Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
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0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
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One can still observe trends in the
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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trend and both experience two peak
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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Page 247 and 248: 6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
Page 249 and 250: Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
Page 251 and 252: 21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
Page 253 and 254: 21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
Page 255 and 256: 2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
Page 257 and 258: 7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
Page 259 and 260: one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
Page 261 and 262: Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
Page 263 and 264: series of actions beginning with cu
Page 265 and 266: Distances are taken as straight lin
Page 267 and 268: On average, the photoelectric alarm
Page 269 and 270: Table 28. Available egress time (in
Page 271 and 272: 800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
Page 273 and 274: protection against injury, life los
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Page 279 and 280: 8 SummaryThe data developed in this
Page 281 and 282: 4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
Page 283 and 284: Finally, a press day was held that
Page 285 and 286: 9 Conclusions1. The data developed
Page 287 and 288: 10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
Page 289 and 290: [23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
Page 291 and 292: [48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
Page 293 and 294: Calculated Alarm Times
Page 295: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 299 and 300: Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
Page 305 and 306: Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
Page 307 and 308: Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
Page 309 and 310: Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
Page 311 and 312: Test SDC21 Smoldering Mattress in B
Page 315 and 316: Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
Page 319 and 320: Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
Page 325 and 326: Test SDC37 Smoldering Mattress in B
Page 329 and 330: Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Page 333 and 334: 81828384858687888990919293949596979
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60260360460560660760860961061161261
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67867968068168268368468568668768868
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75475575675775875976076176276376476
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83083183283383483583683783883984084
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90690790890991091191291391491591691
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98298398498598698798898999099199299
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10661067106810691070107110721073107
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11541155115611571158115911601161116
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12421243124412451246124712481249125
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13301331133213331334133513361337133
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Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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