Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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0.60.5ExtinctionD1D83025Extinction (m -1 )0.40.30.20.12015105Photoelectric Output(arbitrary units)A000 500 1000 1500Time (s)Extinction (m -1 )0.50.40.30.20.1ExtinctionD1D830252015105Photoelectric Output(arbitrary units)B000 500 1000 1500Time (s)Figure 186. Photoelectric sensor response to cotton smolder smoke calibration test.A and B indicate repeated tests208
10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604020403020Ionization Output(arbitrary units)A1000 500 1000 1500Time (s)10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604020403020Ionization Output(arbitrary units)B1000 500 1000 1500Time (s)Figure 187. Ionization sensor response to cotton smolder smoke calibration test.A and B indicate repeated tests209
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NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
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Certain commercial entities, equipm
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2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
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7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
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Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
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Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
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Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
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Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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xviii
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The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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installed close to cooking applianc
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xxiv
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Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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NIST, and others felt that it was t
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A second test site, obtained throug
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Thus typical residential sprinklers
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2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
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Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
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urner fuel and air wereincremented
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Thus, within the range typical ofio
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k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
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The test series are identified as S
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Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
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The flaming chair was chosen with a
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3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
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Finally, a size distribution measur
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of the limited supply of analog-mod
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5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
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Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
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Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
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Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
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Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
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Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
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Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
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Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
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Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
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Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
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Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
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• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
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5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
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Alarm Code was revised to require s
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Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
Page 183 and 184: 0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
Page 185 and 186: One can still observe trends in the
Page 187 and 188: Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
Page 191 and 192: • Photoelectric alarm thresholds
Page 193 and 194: trend and both experience two peak
Page 195 and 196: Figure 156 shows the results for ba
Page 201 and 202: Figure 161 shows the results for ma
Page 203 and 204: ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
Page 207 and 208: photoelectric alarms; however one c
Page 209 and 210: 6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
Page 213 and 214: 6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
Page 219 and 220: 6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
Page 223 and 224: ealizing the early peak, then climb
Page 225 and 226: • A somewhat counterintuitive obs
Page 233: 6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
Page 237 and 238: 6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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Page 247 and 248: 6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Page 255 and 256: 2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
Page 257 and 258: 7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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Page 261 and 262: Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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Page 267 and 268: On average, the photoelectric alarm
Page 269 and 270: Table 28. Available egress time (in
Page 271 and 272: 800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
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Page 275 and 276: ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
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Page 279 and 280: 8 SummaryThe data developed in this
Page 281 and 282: 4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
Page 283 and 284: Finally, a press day was held that
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9 Conclusions1. The data developed
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10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
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[23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
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[48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
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Calculated Alarm Times
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
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Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
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Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
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Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
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Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
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Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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81828384858687888990919293949596979
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15715815916016116216316416516616716
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30730830931031131231331431531631731
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38138238338438538638738838939039139
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67867968068168268368468568668768868
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75475575675775875976076176276376476
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83083183283383483583683783883984084
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90690790890991091191291391491591691
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11541155115611571158115911601161116
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Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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