Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this documentin order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identificationis not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute ofStandards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, orequipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.The policy of the National Institute of Standards and Technology is to use metric units ofmeasurement in all its publications. In this document intended for the construction andbuilding materials industries, however, in North America certain non-metric units are sowidely used instead of metric units that it is more practical and less confusing to includecertain measurement values in customary units only.National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1455Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note 1455, 396 pages (January 2007)CODEN: NSPUE2U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEWASHINGTON: 2007_________________________________________For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeInternet: bookstore.gpo.gov — Phone: (202) 512-1800 — Fax: (202) 512-2250Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
Bibliographic InformationAbstractThis report presents the results of the project and provides details of the response of a range ofresidential smoke alarm technologies in a controlled laboratory test and in a series of real-scaletests conducted in two different residential structures. The data developed in this study includemeasurement of temperature and smoke obscuration in addition to gas concentrations for a rangeof fire scenarios and residences. The results are intended to provide both insight into siting andresponse characteristics of residential smoke alarms and a set of reference data for futureenhancements to alarm technology based on fires from current materials and constructions.Smoke alarms of either the ionization type or the photoelectric type consistently provide time foroccupants to escape from most residential fires, although in some cases the escape time providedcan be short. Consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provide somewhat betterresponse to flaming fires than photoelectric alarms, and photoelectric alarms provide (often)considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms.Escape times in this study were systematically shorter than those found in a similar studyconducted in the 1970's. This is related to some combination of faster fire development timesfor today's products that provide the main fuel sources for fires, such as upholstered furnitureand mattresses, different criteria for time to untenable conditions, and improved understandingof the speed and range of threats to tenability.Keywordsdetector sensitivity; fire tests; heat alarms; ionization alarms; photoelectric alarms; buildingfires; residential buildings; smoke alarmsiii
Page 1: NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
Page 8 and 9: 2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
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Page 12 and 13: Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
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Page 22 and 23: The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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Page 28 and 29: Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
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The flaming chair was chosen with a
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3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
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Finally, a size distribution measur
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of the limited supply of analog-mod
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5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
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Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
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Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
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Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
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Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
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Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
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Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
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Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
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Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
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Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
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Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
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• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
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5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
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Alarm Code was revised to require s
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Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
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0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
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One can still observe trends in the
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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trend and both experience two peak
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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On average, the photoelectric alarm
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Table 28. Available egress time (in
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800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
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protection against injury, life los
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ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
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The FE/DE nuisance source tests cap
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8 SummaryThe data developed in this
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4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
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Finally, a press day was held that
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9 Conclusions1. The data developed
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10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
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[23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
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[48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
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Calculated Alarm Times
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
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Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
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Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
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Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
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Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
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Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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15715815916016116216316416516616716
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23323423523623723823924024124224324
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30730830931031131231331431531631731
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38138238338438538638738838939039139
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52752852953053153253353453553653753
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75475575675775875976076176276376476
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83083183283383483583683783883984084
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90690790890991091191291391491591691
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Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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