Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 12.0 EXPERIMENTS................................................................................................................. 23.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 83.1 Smouldering Chair (Tests 1 and 11).......................................................................... 83.2 Flaming Chair (Tests 2 and 10)................................................................................. 83.3 Smouldering Mattress (Tests 3, 4, 6 and 8)............................................................... 93.4 Flaming Mattress (Tests 5, 7, 9 and 14).................................................................... 93.5 Cooking Oil Fire (Tests 12 and 13).......................................................................... 103.6 Primary Gas Products (CO and CO 2 )...................................................................... 113.7 Secondary Gas Products ........................................................................................ 114.0 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 255.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ 256.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 25LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Manufactured home and FTIR measurement system .............................................. 4Figure 2. Plan view of a manufactured home, fire locations andFTIR gas sampling locations.................................................................................... 5Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before and after smouldering and flaming fire tests ................... 6Figure 4. Twin-size mattresses before and after smouldering and flaming fire tests ............... 7Figure 5. 4-min average of FTIR spectra for fire location after first smoke alarm (Test 1) ..... 12Figure 6. 4-min average of FTIR spectra for fire location (Test 1) ......................................... 12Figure 7. 4-min average of FTIR spectra for the master bedroom (Test 1) ........................... 12Figure 8. 4-min average of FTIR spectra for the master bedroom (Test 1) ........................... 13Figure 9. 2-min average of spectra from fire location before water discharge in Test 2......... 13Figure 10. 1-min average of spectra at peak smoke obscuration in the master bedroom(Test 2).................................................................................................................. 13Figure 11. Average of spectra for fire location in the last 4 minutes of mattress smouldering(Test 4).................................................................................................................. 14Figure 12. Average spectrum for the fire room during peak smoke obscuration in Test 6with mattress smouldering ..................................................................................... 14Figure 13. 1-min average of spectra for the fire room after first smoke alarm in Test 8with mattress smouldering ..................................................................................... 14Figure 14. Average of spectra for the fire room during the 50-s flaming in Test 4 ................... 15Figure 15. Average of spectra for the fire room during the 60-s flaming in Test 6 ................... 15ii
Figure 16. Average of spectra for the fire room during the 100-s flaming in Test 8 ................. 15Figure 17. 1-min average of spectra for the fire room during suppression in Test 4................ 16Figure 18. 4-min average of spectra for the master bedroom during/after suppression(Test 4).................................................................................................................. 16Figure 19. 2-min average of the spectra for the fire room during mattress flaming (Test 5)..... 16Figure 20. 3-min average of the spectra for the fire room during mattress flaming (Test 7)..... 17Figure 21. 2-min average of the spectra for the fire room during mattress flaming (Test 9)..... 17Figure 22. 2-min average of the spectra for the fire room after fire extinguishment (Test 9).... 17Figure 23. Average of the spectra for the fire room during the last 30 s ofmattress smouldering (Test 14) ............................................................................. 18Figure 24. 30-s average of the spectra for the fire room after mattress flaming (Test 14) ....... 18Figure 25. 90-s average of the spectra for the fire room after water spray (Test 14)............... 18Figure 26. 60-s average of the spectra for the fire room after all doors opened (Test 14) ....... 19Figure 27. Average of spectra for last 2 minutes of cooking-oil heating (Test 13) ................... 20Figure 28. Average of spectra for last 2 minutes of cooking oil flaming (Test 13).................... 20Figure 29. 2-min average of spectra after cooking-oil fire extinguishment (Test 13) ............... 20Figure 30. Carbon dioxide concentration in master bedroom from FTIR and NDIRmeasurements for flaming chair (Test 2)................................................................ 21Figure 31. Carbon dioxide concentration in master bedroom from FTIR and NDIRmeasurements for smouldering chair (Test 11)...................................................... 21Figure 32. Carbon dioxide concentration in fire room from FTIR and NDIR measurementsfor flaming mattress (Test 5).................................................................................. 22Figure 33. Carbon dioxide concentration in fire room from FTIR and NDIR measurementsfor smouldering mattress (Test 6) .......................................................................... 22Figure 34. Carbon dioxide concentration in master bedroom from FTIR and NDIRmeasurements for cooking oil fire (Test 12) ........................................................... 23Figure 35. Carbon monoxide concentration in fire room from FTIR and NDIRmeasurements for flaming mattress (Test 5).......................................................... 23Figure 36. Carbon monoxide concentration in fire room from FTIR and NDIRmeasurements for smouldering mattress (Test 6).................................................. 24Figure 37. Carbon monoxide concentration in master bedroom from FTIR and NDIRmeasurements for flaming chair (Test 10).............................................................. 24iii
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NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
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Certain commercial entities, equipm
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2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
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7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
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Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
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Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
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Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
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Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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xviii
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The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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installed close to cooking applianc
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xxiv
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Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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NIST, and others felt that it was t
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A second test site, obtained throug
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Thus typical residential sprinklers
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2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
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Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
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urner fuel and air wereincremented
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Thus, within the range typical ofio
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k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
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The test series are identified as S
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Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
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The flaming chair was chosen with a
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3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
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Finally, a size distribution measur
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of the limited supply of analog-mod
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5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
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Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
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Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
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Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
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Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
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Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
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Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
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Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
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Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
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Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
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Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
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• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
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5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
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Alarm Code was revised to require s
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Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
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0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
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One can still observe trends in the
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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trend and both experience two peak
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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On average, the photoelectric alarm
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Table 28. Available egress time (in
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800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
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protection against injury, life los
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ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
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The FE/DE nuisance source tests cap
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8 SummaryThe data developed in this
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4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
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Finally, a press day was held that
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9 Conclusions1. The data developed
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10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
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[23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
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[48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
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Calculated Alarm Times
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
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Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
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Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
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Test SDC21 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
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Page 319 and 320: Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
Page 321 and 322: Test SDC32 Flaming Chair in Living
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Page 325 and 326: Test SDC37 Smoldering Mattress in B
Page 327 and 328: Test SDC39 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
Page 329 and 330: Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Page 367 and 368: Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
Page 369: FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
Page 373 and 374: 2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
Page 375 and 376: Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
Page 377 and 378: Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
Page 379 and 380: 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
Page 381 and 382: and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
Page 383 and 384: .05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
Page 385 and 386: .05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
Page 387 and 388: .2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
Page 389 and 390: .1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
Page 391 and 392: .14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
Page 393 and 394: 1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
Page 395 and 396: 0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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