Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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Test SDC28 Fully-Furnished Living RoomTime 1key postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 m2 ave low mid highkey postion level level + br all dual name label units from toDalarm Hallway (C ) x x x PHOTO-2-C-DISP DiPh2B volt 156 158Dalarm x x x ION-2-C-DISP DiIo2B volt 106 108Dalarm x x x ION-4-C-DISP DiIo4B volt 182 184Dalarm Foyer (B) x x x PHOTO-2-B-DISP DiPh2C volt 104 106Dalarm x x x ION-2-B-DISP DiIo2C volt 76 78Dalarm x x x ION-4-B-DISP DiIo4C volt No Alarm No AlarmSprinkler Sprinkler telltale pressure 2. Living Room x Pres_2 millivolt 230 232
Series ..\Manufactured <strong>Home</strong> Series #2\Test SDC30 Smoldering Chair in Living Room (test aborted due to power failure)Time 1key postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 m2 ave low mid highAlarm Master Bedroom (A) x x ION-1-A-3-2 Ion1A volt TCA_1 0 0 0 2.07 5.96 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x ION-3-A-1-4-1 Ion3A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 0 1.247 1776 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ION-4-A-7B-10 Ion4A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 2 2.498 817.95 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x PHOTO-1-A-5-3 Pho1A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 -1.5661 7.8556 235.78 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x PHOTO-3-A-7A-10 Pho3A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 -3.5051 15.301 90.16 3 No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x ASPIRATED-1-A-0-3 Asp1A millivolts TCA_1 0 0 -1.393 2.0647 689.74 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm Burn Room Bedroom (B) x x ION-1-BE-3-9 Ion1B volt TCB_1 0 0 0 1.863 5.94 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x ION-3-BE-4-11 Ion3B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 0 1.299 1990.05 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ION-4-BE-7B-1 Ion4B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 2 1.506 680.55 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x PHOTO-1-BE-5-4 Pho1B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 -3.9055 10.005 192.68 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x PHOTO-3-BE-7A-1 Pho3B millivolt TCB_1 0 0 -2.4159 12.874 63.06 3 No Alarm No AlarmAlarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x ION-1-C-3-11 Ion1C volt TCC_1 0 0 0 2.095 6.15 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ION-3-C-4-10 Ion3C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 0 0.984 1796.65 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x x ION-4-C-7B-6 Ion4C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 2 2.624 695.41 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x PHOTO-1-C-5-1 Pho1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -2.2747 8.1775 292.2 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x x PHOTO-3-C-7C-6 Pho3C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.8254 12.032 78.16 5 No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-C-0-5 Asp1C millivolt TCC_1 0 0 -1.6726 2.1444 697.47 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x ION-1-D-3-8 Ion1D volt TCD_1 0 0 0 1.823 6.19 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ION-3-D-4-7 Ion3D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 0 1.007 2167.95 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x x ION-4-D-7B-4 Ion4D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 2 2.926 736.08 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x PHOTO-1-D-5-5 Pho1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.9634 6.8817 345.84 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x x PHOTO-3-D-7D-4 Pho3D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -2.408 11.2 73.26 19 No Alarm No AlarmAlarm x x x ASPIRATED-1-D-0-7 Asp1D millivolt TCD_1 0 0 -1.7326 3.265 678.88 No Alarm No Alarm No Alarmkey postion level level + br all dual name label units from toDalarm Bedroom #3 (E) x x PHOTO-2-DISP DiPh2D volt No Alarm No AlarmDalarm x x ION-2-DISP DiIo2D volt No Alarm No AlarmDalarm x x ION-4-DISP DiIo4D volt No Alarm No AlarmSprinkler x Pres_2 millivolt No Alarm No Alarmkey postion level level + br all dual name label units find zero zero data smooth m0 m1 ave low med highCOalarm Master Bedroom (A) x x CO-1-A-1-6 CO1A millivolt 0 0 0 -18.99 100.6 -6.18 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-2-A-2-8 CO2A millivolt 0 0 0 -52.2 120 505.41 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-3-A-3-3 CO3A millivolt 0 0 0 -5.261 161.6 76.12 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm Burn Room Bedroom (B) x x CO-1-A-1-17 CO1B millivolt 0 0 0 34.37 140.1 -0.46 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-2-A-2-3 CO2B millivolt 0 0 0 -47.77 99.59 500.93 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x CO-3-A-3-12 CO3B millivolt 0 0 0 -2.072 169.1 79.42 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm Utility Hallway (C) x x x CO-1-A-1-9 CO1C millivolt 0 0 0 -22.58 180.9 -4.14 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-2-A-2-12 CO2C millivolt 0 0 0 -45.38 93.6 507.05 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-3-A-3-6 CO3C millivolt 0 0 0 -0.872 172.9 71.92 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm Hallway Outside Burn Room Bedroom (D) x x x CO-1-D-1-14 CO1D millivolt 0 0 0 56.17 110.1 -2.02 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-2-D-2-9 CO2D millivolt 0 0 0 -58.97 138 506.61 No Alarm No Alarm No AlarmCOalarm x x x CO-3-D-3-7 CO3D millivolt 0 0 0 -2.483 171.3 32.04 No Alarm No Alarm No Alarm
Page 1:
NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
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Certain commercial entities, equipm
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2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
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7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
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Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
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Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
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Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
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Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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xviii
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The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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installed close to cooking applianc
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xxiv
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Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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NIST, and others felt that it was t
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A second test site, obtained throug
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Thus typical residential sprinklers
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2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
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Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
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urner fuel and air wereincremented
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Thus, within the range typical ofio
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k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
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The test series are identified as S
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Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
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The flaming chair was chosen with a
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3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
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Finally, a size distribution measur
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of the limited supply of analog-mod
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5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
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Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
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Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
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Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
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Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
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Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
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Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
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Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
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Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
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Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
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Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
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• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
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5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
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Alarm Code was revised to require s
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Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
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0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
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One can still observe trends in the
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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trend and both experience two peak
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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Page 269 and 270: Table 28. Available egress time (in
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Page 279 and 280: 8 SummaryThe data developed in this
Page 281 and 282: 4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
Page 283 and 284: Finally, a press day was held that
Page 285 and 286: 9 Conclusions1. The data developed
Page 287 and 288: 10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
Page 289 and 290: [23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
Page 291 and 292: [48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
Page 293 and 294: Calculated Alarm Times
Page 295 and 296: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Page 297 and 298: Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
Page 299 and 300: Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
Page 305 and 306: Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
Page 307 and 308: Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
Page 309 and 310: Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
Page 313 and 314: Test SDC23 Smoldering Chair in Livi
Page 315 and 316: Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
Page 317: Test SDC27 Smoldering Chair in Livi
Page 329 and 330: Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
Page 331 and 332: 12345678910111213141516171819202122
Page 333 and 334: 81828384858687888990919293949596979
Page 335 and 336: 15715815916016116216316416516616716
Page 337 and 338: 23323423523623723823924024124224324
Page 339 and 340: 30730830931031131231331431531631731
Page 341 and 342: 38138238338438538638738838939039139
Page 343 and 344: 45645745845946046146246346446546646
Page 345 and 346: 52752852953053153253353453553653753
Page 347 and 348: 60260360460560660760860961061161261
Page 349 and 350: 67867968068168268368468568668768868
Page 351 and 352: 75475575675775875976076176276376476
Page 353 and 354: 83083183283383483583683783883984084
Page 355 and 356: 90690790890991091191291391491591691
Page 357 and 358: 98298398498598698798898999099199299
Page 359 and 360: 10661067106810691070107110721073107
Page 361 and 362: 11541155115611571158115911601161116
Page 363 and 364: 12421243124412451246124712481249125
Page 365 and 366: 13301331133213331334133513361337133
Page 367 and 368: Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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