Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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2.5 Alarm Identification ..................................................242.6 Evaluation of Unmodified Alarm Response ...............................282.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location on Response .............................472.8 Thresholds for Modified Alarms ........................................623 Fire Source Test Scenarios and Geometries ....................................653.1 Scenario Development ...............................................653.2 Material Selection ...................................................673.2.1 Upholstered Furniture ........................................673.2.2 Mattress ...................................................693.2.3 Cooking Materials ...........................................693.3 Ignition Methodology ................................................703.3.1 Flaming Ignition ............................................703.3.2 Smoldering Ignition ..........................................713.3.3 Cooking Ignition ............................................723.4 Test Geometry ......................................................723.4.1 Manufactured Home .........................................723.4.2 Two-story Home ............................................734 Fire Source Testing Instrumentation ..........................................774.1 Temperature .......................................................774.2 Sample Mass .......................................................824.3 Primary Gases – CO, CO 2 , and O 2 ......................................834.4 FTIR Gas Analysis ..................................................844.5 Optical Density .....................................................844.6 Smoke Properties ...................................................874.7 Smoke and CO Alarm Response ........................................894.8 Sprinkler Response ..................................................904.9 Mechanical Heat Alarm Response ......................................915 Fire Source Test Results and Calculations ......................................935.1 Tests Conducted .....................................................935.2 Test Data ..........................................................955.3 Calculation of Alarm Times ...........................................1045.4 Calculation of Time to Untenable Conditions .............................1195.4.1 Tenability Limits ............................................1195.4.2 Tenability Times ............................................1215.5 Assessment of Overall Alarm Performance ...............................1225.6 Aerosol Concentration and Size Measurements ...........................1245.6.1 Mass and Number Concentration ..............................1255.6.2 Particle Size Analysis .......................................1375.7 Measurement Uncertainty ............................................147vi
6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source Testing .............................1496.1 Nuisance Scenario Tests .............................................1506.2 Instrumentation ....................................................1506.2.1 Aerosol Instruments .........................................1516.2.2 Temperature and Humidity ...................................1536.2.3 Flow Velocity ..............................................1536.2.4 Analog Output Photoelectric, Ionization and Sensors ...............1546.3 Results ...........................................................1556.3.1 Toasting Scenarios .........................................1556.3.2 Frying Bacon ..............................................1656.3.3 Frying Butter and Margarine .................................1706.3.4 Frying Hamburgers .........................................1766.3.5 Deep-frying Tortillas and French-fried Potatoes ...................1806.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Pizza ...............................1836.3.7 Broiling Hamburgers ........................................1876.3.8 Boiling Spaghetti Pasta ......................................1896.3.9 Candle Burning ............................................1936.3.10 Cigarette Smoking .........................................1946.4 Controlled Incipient Fire Sources ......................................1946.4.1 Cotton Smolder ............................................1956.4.2 Wood Smolder .............................................1996.4.3 Polyurethane Foam Smolder ..................................2016.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sources .................................2076.5.1 Cotton Wick Calibration ....................................2076.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Scenario ...........................2116.5.3 Wood Smolder Smoke Fire Scenario ............................2116.5.4 Candle Flame Nuisance Scenario ..............................2206.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nuisance Scenario ...................2216.5.6 Toasting Bread Nuisance Scenario .............................2217 Discussion ...............................................................2317.1 Smoke Alarm Activation Time ........................................2317.2 Tenability Times ...................................................2367.3 Time Needed for Escape .............................................2367.3.1 Movement Speed ...........................................2377.3.2 Premovement Activities ......................................2377.3.3 Escape Times ..............................................2387.4 Smoke Alarm Performance ...........................................2407.5 Other Alarm Technologies ...........................................2457.5.1 Carbon Monoxide Alarms ....................................2467.5.2 Heat Alarms ...............................................246vii
Page 1: NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
Page 4 and 5: Certain commercial entities, equipm
Page 10 and 11: 7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
Page 12 and 13: Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
Page 14 and 15: Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
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Page 18 and 19: Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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Page 22 and 23: The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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Page 28 and 29: Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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Page 34 and 35: Thus typical residential sprinklers
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Page 39 and 40: Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
Page 41 and 42: urner fuel and air wereincremented
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
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The flaming chair was chosen with a
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3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
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Finally, a size distribution measur
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of the limited supply of analog-mod
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5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
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Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
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Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
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Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
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Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
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Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
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Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
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Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
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Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
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Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
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Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
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Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
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• carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
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5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
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Alarm Code was revised to require s
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Measurements of the aerosol number
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ANumber Concentration (particles/cm
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Number Concentration (particles/cm3
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10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
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SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
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5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)37525
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Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
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Table 19. Estimated particle size f
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6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
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A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
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lags the MIC current due to the tim
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On several occasions, the SBC data
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0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
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One can still observe trends in the
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
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• Photoelectric alarm thresholds
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trend and both experience two peak
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Figure 156 shows the results for ba
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Figure 161 shows the results for ma
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ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
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photoelectric alarms; however one c
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6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
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6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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On average, the photoelectric alarm
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Table 28. Available egress time (in
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800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
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protection against injury, life los
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ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
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The FE/DE nuisance source tests cap
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8 SummaryThe data developed in this
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4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
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Finally, a press day was held that
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9 Conclusions1. The data developed
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10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
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[23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
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[48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
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Calculated Alarm Times
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
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Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
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Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
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Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
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Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
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Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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12345678910111213141516171819202122
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81828384858687888990919293949596979
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15715815916016116216316416516616716
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23323423523623723823924024124224324
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30730830931031131231331431531631731
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38138238338438538638738838939039139
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45645745845946046146246346446546646
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52752852953053153253353453553653753
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60260360460560660760860961061161261
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67867968068168268368468568668768868
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75475575675775875976076176276376476
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83083183283383483583683783883984084
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90690790890991091191291391491591691
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10661067106810691070107110721073107
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11541155115611571158115911601161116
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12421243124412451246124712481249125
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13301331133213331334133513361337133
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Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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