Performance of Home Smoke Alarms - National Institute of ...

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ABNumber Concentration (particles/cm 3 )Number Concentration (particles/cm3)10 7 50040010 6Number, Den300Mass20010 510010 40 500 1000 150002000Time (s)10 7 410 6Number, Den3Ion 4210 5110 400 400 800 1200 1600 2000Time (s)5Mass Concentration (mg/m 3 )Ion Chamber "Y" Response(dimensionless)CNumber Concentration (particles/cm3)10 6 1Number, Bedroom0.8Ion 30.610 50.40.210 400 400 800 1200 1600 2000Time (s)Ion Chamber "Y" Response(dimensionless)Figure 133. Smoke properties for cooking oil fire scenario SDC24138
5002Mass Concentration (mg/m3)375250125MassIon 3, BedroomIon 4, Den1.510.5Ion Chamber "Y" Response(dimensionless)00 500100 150 200 250 300 350 400Time (s)Figure 134. Smoke properties for flaming chair scenario SDC255005Mass Concentration (mg/m3)375250125Ion 3, BedroomIon 4, DenMass4321Ion Chamber "Y" Response(dimensionless)00 500100 150 200 250 300 350 400Time (s)Figure 135. Smoke properties for flaming chair scenario SDC26139
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NIST Technical Note 1455Performance
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Certain commercial entities, equipm
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2.5 Alarm Identification ..........
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7.5.3 Tell-tale Sprinklers ........
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Figure 37. Ion-1, six wicks 12 s de
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Figure 106. Gas temperatures from c
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Figure 161. Frying margarine scenar
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Figure 205. Bread in a toaster, fan
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xviii
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The fire emulator/detector evaluato
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installed close to cooking applianc
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xxiv
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Canada (NRCC), in conjunction with
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NIST, and others felt that it was t
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A second test site, obtained throug
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Thus typical residential sprinklers
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2 Residential Fire Alarms, Sensor R
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Figure 2. Schematic of the FE/DE (a
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urner fuel and air wereincremented
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Thus, within the range typical ofio
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k = ln( I / I ) L mextinction (m -1
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The test series are identified as S
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Detector Test Series a bm 0bm 1 R c
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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87Obscuration (%/ft)654321Smolder s
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Table 2. Listed unmodified alarm se
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1Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m p
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Figures 28 - 37 show the results fo
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Laser Light Transmittance(1.52 m pa
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2.7 Effect of Sensor Board Location
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0.3Axial velocity 5 cm below ceilin
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0.7-5Laser Light Transmittance(1.52
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0.71Laser Light Transmittance(1.52m
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for all (modified) ionization alarm
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Table 6. Top fire scenarios ranked
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The flaming chair was chosen with a
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3.3 Ignition MethodologyThere were
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Figure 85 shows the smoldering rod
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20.12 m4.06 m2.34 m 1.68 m 2.59 m74
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3.34 m2.29 m 3.27 m0.53 mBath3.63 m
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temperature measurement in the diff
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1.04 m0.53 m0.80 m3.38 mTemperature
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4.2 Sample MassMass loss from the o
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With different line lengths, vacuum
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Table 9. Locations for primary opti
Page 114 and 115: Finally, a size distribution measur
Page 116 and 117: of the limited supply of analog-mod
Page 119 and 120: 5 Fire Source Test Results and Calc
Page 121 and 122: Table 12. Test Conditions for tests
Page 123 and 124: Remote Bedroom45Temperature (°C)40
Page 125 and 126: Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom70Tem
Page 127 and 128: Living Room60Temperature (°C)50403
Page 129 and 130: Closed Bedroom301520 mm25Temperatur
Page 131 and 132: Remote Bedroom2.52.020 mm900 mmOpti
Page 133 and 134: Hallway Outside Remote Bedroom1.41.
Page 135 and 136: Living Room2.52.020 mm900 mmOptical
Page 137 and 138: Closed Bedroom0.10Initiation of Sup
Page 139 and 140: Carbon Dioxide2.01.5Remote BedroomM
Page 141 and 142: Smoke Alarm Output10030Smoke Alarm
Page 143 and 144: Heat Alarm-600Initiation of Suppres
Page 145 and 146: • carbon monoxide alarms - 50 x 1
Page 147 and 148: 5.4.2 Tenability TimesChapter 8 of
Page 149 and 150: Alarm Code was revised to require s
Page 151 and 152: Measurements of the aerosol number
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Page 155 and 156: Number Concentration (particles/cm3
Page 161 and 162: 10 6 Number0.8Ion 110 5Ion 2Ion 3Io
Page 163: SDC24 was a cooking oil fire in the
Page 167 and 168: Table 17. Cascade impactor resultsT
Page 169 and 170: 50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
Page 171 and 172: 50 % cut-off Diameter(μm)1010.1MMA
Page 173 and 174: Table 19. Estimated particle size f
Page 175 and 176: 6 Residential Smoke Alarm Nuisance
Page 177 and 178: A2ARHCBA1DEA3FGU+V+Figure 141. Sche
Page 179 and 180: lags the MIC current due to the tim
Page 181 and 182: On several occasions, the SBC data
Page 183 and 184: 0.50.5Velocity or Speed (m/s)0.250-
Page 185 and 186: One can still observe trends in the
Page 187 and 188: Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A6005004
Page 191 and 192: • Photoelectric alarm thresholds
Page 193 and 194: trend and both experience two peak
Page 195 and 196: Figure 156 shows the results for ba
Page 201 and 202: Figure 161 shows the results for ma
Page 203 and 204: ose about 2 %. The mass concentrati
Page 207 and 208: photoelectric alarms; however one c
Page 209 and 210: 6.3.6 Broiled and Baked/Broiled Piz
Page 213 and 214: 6.3.7 Broiling HamburgersFour 110 g
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Time to Alarm Threshold (s)A1000800
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6.3.9 Candle BurningFour scented te
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ealizing the early peak, then climb
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• A somewhat counterintuitive obs
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6.5 FE/DE Emulation of Nuisance Sou
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10080MICD1D86050MIC Current (pA)604
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6.5.2 Cotton Smolder Smoke Fire Sce
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D
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0.250.2ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1
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0.80.70.6ExtinctionMIC1008010080MIC
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0.50.4ExtinctionMIC100908010080MICD
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6.5.5 Heated Margarine or Butter Nu
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Extinction (m -1 )A0.0350.030.0250.
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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21.5ExtinctionMIC1008010080MICD1D86
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2.521008010080MICD1D86050Extinction
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7 DiscussionIn 1975, the Indiana Du
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one of the Dual Ion/Photo alarms in
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Table 24. Average time to alarm (in
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series of actions beginning with cu
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Distances are taken as straight lin
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On average, the photoelectric alarm
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Table 28. Available egress time (in
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800700600PhotoIonDual Ion/PhotoAspi
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protection against injury, life los
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ate of fire growth (table 32). Aver
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The FE/DE nuisance source tests cap
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8 SummaryThe data developed in this
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4. Develop standard nuisance alarm
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Finally, a press day was held that
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9 Conclusions1. The data developed
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10 References[1] Bukowski, R. W., W
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[23] The SFPE Handbook of Fire Prot
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[48] Bryan, J. L. “Project People
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Calculated Alarm Times
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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Test SDC03 Smoldering Mattress in B
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Test SDC05 Flaming Mattress in Bedr
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Test SDC11 Smoldering Chair in Livi
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Test SDC13 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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Test SDC15 Flaming Chair Living Roo
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Test SDC25 Flaming Chair in Living
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Series ..\Manufactured Home Series
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Test SDC41 Vegetable Oil on Kitchen
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12345678910111213141516171819202122
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81828384858687888990919293949596979
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15715815916016116216316416516616716
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23323423523623723823924024124224324
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30730830931031131231331431531631731
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38138238338438538638738838939039139
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45645745845946046146246346446546646
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52752852953053153253353453553653753
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60260360460560660760860961061161261
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67867968068168268368468568668768868
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75475575675775875976076176276376476
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83083183283383483583683783883984084
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90690790890991091191291391491591691
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98298398498598698798898999099199299
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10661067106810691070107110721073107
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11541155115611571158115911601161116
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12421243124412451246124712481249125
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13301331133213331334133513361337133
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Appendix BFTIR Gas Measurement in H
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FTIR GAS MEASUREMENT IN HOME SMOKE
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Figure 16. Average of spectra for t
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2.0 EXPERIMENTSExperimental details
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Figure 1. Manufactured home and FTI
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Figure 3. Upholstered chairs before
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total o
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and 500°C in Test 7. Figure 19 sho
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02CO2CO2.010H2O
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.05.04Absorbance.03.02H2OH2O.01CO20
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.2CO2CO2.15Absorbance.1.05H2OH2O0CO
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.1.08.050Absorbance.06.04CO2-.05720
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.14.12.1CO2CO2Absorbance.08.06.04.0
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1.41.2NDIRFTIR1.00.8CO 2[%]0.60.40.
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0.050.04NDIRFTIR0.03CO [%]0.020.010
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