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62 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAto tlie patriarcli as the liead of the Greek race aswell as the church. He held a position similar tothat of the Jewish high priest under the Romans.This helped the Greeks to keep their language,customs, rites and traditions as a race in the midstof trying circumstances. They feel they owe it tothe influence of their church. Church and race beingidentified, the Greek Church has become the symbolof nationality in the estimation of the Greekpeople. The threads of religion and nationality areso woven that it becomes difficult, if not impossible,to separate them. The one cannot be touched withoutaffecting the other. Many religious observances,customs, festivals, usages are rather national affairs.The bishop and the priests, like the patriarch, arenational, as well as religious leaders. In spite ofthe ignorance of many priests at present, the peopleesteem them as they see in them the priest whotaught the children in cellars at night the Greeklanguage, and kept the torch of patriotism burningin the darkness of Turkish tyranny.Protestant missions to the Greeks.—^We see theabove points illustrated in the Protestant missionarywork among the Greeks. Protestant missionarieswere sent to the East early in the 19th centuryby Presbyterians and Congregationalists mainly toevangelize the Mohammedans and the Jews. Thedoors were closed to the Moslems. No Moslem wasallowed to profess Christianity openly. Thus themissionaries turned their attention to the variousChristian races or churches, as Greeks, Armenians,Syrians, etc., who had all been oppressed under theTurk and left in ignorance and darkness throughwant of education. Although they had kept theChristian name and customs, they often lacked itsspiritual and moral influence in their daily life.Educational work.—Thus missionaries went to
EUROPEAN BACKGROUND 63Greece, soon after independence was established,and opened schools, published text-books and otherliterature, and were welcomed everywhere. The HillSchool for girls, founded by Dr. Hill, sent out by theProtestant Episcopal Church, continues to the presentday to be held in highest esteem as an educationalcenter. Eeligious instruction is given by representativesof the Greek Church.Controversies.—But other missionaries alongwith the work of education and enlightenmentstarted controversies by discussing points of differencebetween Protestants and Orthodox, and a bitteropposition was aroused which prejudiced the peopleagainst the missionaries, except those of the ProtestantEpiscopal Church, who never attempted to makeproselytes.Jonas King.—Mr. Jonas King, the AmericanBoard missionary in Greece, took a leading part inthe controversies both by publication and oral teachingand discussions. The opposition against himwas so bitter that he was anathematized by theGreek Church and condemned by the government toleave Greece.M. D. Kalopothakes.—Protestant work in Greecewas continued by Dr. M. D. Kalopothakes, whoworked for a time under the Southern PresbyterianBoard and after 1887 independently. He was afighter and controversialist. He was instrumentalin organizing the Greek Evangelical Church inAthens in 1874, where he preached and taught thegospel regularly till his death in 1912. He wasagent of the British and Foreign Bible Society andwas instrumental in distributing the Scripturesthroughout Greece. He founded in 1859 The Starof the East, a religious weekly, the oldest paper inGreece. Its publication ceased during the war.It has been started again recently. He edited the
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THE GREEKSIN AMERICAJ. P. XENIDES
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COPYRIGHT, 1922,BY GEORGE H. DORAN
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TiINTRODUCTIONsympathetic and broad
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viuPREFACESchenectady, Utica, Syrac
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Page 16 and 17: 16 THE GREEKS IN AMERICASeleucidse
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Page 28 and 29: 28 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAHe said tha
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Page 36 and 37: 36 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAin 1914 abo
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Page 40 and 41: 40 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAfrom Smyrna
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Page 48 and 49: 48 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAsometimes,
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Page 52 and 53: 52 THE GREEKS IN AMERICACyprus, Pon
Page 54 and 55: 54 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAinfluence.
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Page 64 and 65: 64, THE GREEKS IN AMERICAChildren's
Page 66 and 67: 66 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAa Dictionar
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Page 70 and 71: 70 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAand America
Page 72 and 73: 72 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAopposed, ev
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Page 86 and 87: S6THE GREEKS IN AMERICAam told by s
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112 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAgatherings
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.1114 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAbuilding
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116 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAMinor and
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Chapter IVTHE GREEKS IN AMERICA (Co
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120 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAgations co
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122 THE GREEKS IN AMERICASynod in G
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124 THE GREEKS IN AMERICADress.—A
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126 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAfood, so t
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128 THE GREEKS IN AMERICANeed of Pa
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130 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAThere are
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132 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAchurch who
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;134 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAhalls, an
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1S6THE GREEKS IN AMERICAstudy the S
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138 THE GREEKS IN AMERICA** Helping
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140 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAOthers pro
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142 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAof time th
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144 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAsongs will
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'146 THE GREEKS IN AMERICA*^They sh
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—148 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAplace o
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—150 THE GREEKS IN AMERICA4. Prea
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152 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAand take c
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154 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAGreek Tele
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156 THE GREEKS IN AMERICALife Immov
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158 THE GREEKS IN AMERICATurkey and
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160 THE GREEKS IN AMERICAImmigratio
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