Chapter 5: Economic instruments and expenditure for environmental protection73MoEFWA budget planning ceilings for 2010-2012are defined in the 2009 DCM on Approval <strong>of</strong> Macroeconomicand Fiscal Indicators for 2010-2012, No.21 and the 2009 Instructions <strong>of</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong>Finance on the Preparation <strong>of</strong> the State Budget andSpecial Funds, No. 20.<strong>Albania</strong> adopted the Classification <strong>of</strong> the Functions<strong>of</strong> Government (COFOG) budget classification in2002. The MoEFWA budget is organized into fiveprogrammes: Planning, Management, andAdministration; <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection; Supportfor Fishery Sector; Wastewater Administration; andForest Administration Programme. Expenditure isfurther broken down by expenditure for salaries andsocial security, operational expenses andinvestments. For the period 2009-2012, salaries andsocial security cover approximately 50 per cent <strong>of</strong> theMinistry’s budget, and operational expenses (“Othercurrent expenses”) 20-25 per cent, depending on theyear <strong>of</strong> reference. <strong>Environmental</strong> investments alsoaccount for approximately 25 per cent <strong>of</strong> the budget(Table 5.7).There was an annual budget increase <strong>of</strong> 2.7 per centin 2010, 6.2 per cent in 2011, and 7.8 per cent in2012 (Table 5.7). These net increases, given thegeneral level <strong>of</strong> inflation, indicate the Government’scommitment to investing in the environment, even ifthere remains a considerable gap between actualfunding and the funding needed to cover thecountry’s environmental protection needs andpriorities. Nonetheless, the fact that these increasedallocations are planned to take place in anunfavorable macroeconomic environment isnoteworthy.In the 2009 MoEFWA budget (Table 5.8), 64 percent <strong>of</strong> allocations was directed to the ForestAdministration Programme. The <strong>Environmental</strong>Protection Programme was the second largestprogramme, absorbing 17 per cent <strong>of</strong> the Ministry’sbudget, followed by the Support for Fishery SectorProgramme which was allocated 14 per cent. It couldbe expected that the recent changes in the ownership<strong>of</strong> the country’s forests, the majority <strong>of</strong> which havebeen transferred from the ownership <strong>of</strong> the State tothat <strong>of</strong> LGUs, could have an impact on the relativeshare <strong>of</strong> forest management in the Ministry’s budget.Among other things, this structural change hastriggered a decline in the size <strong>of</strong> staff on the payroll<strong>of</strong> the Ministry (Chapter 8).<strong>Environmental</strong> investmentsInvestments in environmental infrastructure arefunded by the State budget and donor contributions.<strong>Environmental</strong> investments are planned in the midtermbudgets <strong>of</strong> MoEFWA and MoPWTT.Investment plans are executed based on fundingapproved by the National Assembly.The increase in the level <strong>of</strong> investment that can beobserved between 2009 and 2011 is primarilybecause <strong>of</strong> investments in priority areas such asrehabilitation <strong>of</strong> hotspots, solid waste facilities(landfills), rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> wastewater collection andconstruction <strong>of</strong> new wastewater treatment facilities(Table 5.9). The majority <strong>of</strong> funding for investmentscame from MoPWTT in these priority areas.Despite improvements, resources for implementation<strong>of</strong> the ECS are still limited. To increase resources forthe environment, article 87 <strong>of</strong> the 2002 Law on<strong>Environmental</strong> Protection and the ECS foresee theestablishment <strong>of</strong> an <strong>Environmental</strong> Fund. The ideahas been circulating ever since the first EPR in 2002;some concrete steps have been taken and there arereferences to the <strong>Environmental</strong> Fund in the new Lawon <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection. The Fund, if and whenestablished, will finance environmental investmentprojects using a cross-sectoral approach, i.e. withinthe competence <strong>of</strong> several ministries, includingactivities such as solid waste management,wastewater collection and treatment, and energyefficiency. Additionally, it is envisaged that the Fundwill cover the needs <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Environmental</strong> ProtectionProgramme.At the time <strong>of</strong> this review the <strong>Environmental</strong> Fundhad not been established as a separate budgetprogramme in MoEFWA, and the rules <strong>of</strong> itsoperation and sources <strong>of</strong> funding had not been set outin a relevant DCM. However, according to the Lawon <strong>Environmental</strong> Protection, it is expected that aninter-ministerial committee composed <strong>of</strong>representatives from line ministries involved inenvironmental programmes would run the Fund.5.5 International assistanceOver the past decade, <strong>Albania</strong> has continued toreceive international financing for achievingdomestic objectives and meeting internationalobligations, although external assistance to <strong>Albania</strong>has been lower in per capita terms when comparedwith neighbouring countries with similar incomelevels. ODA has steadily decreased as a share <strong>of</strong> thecountry’s GDP, attaining 3 per cent in 2009 ascompared with 8.4 per cent in 2000.Grants as a type <strong>of</strong> financing have decreasedsubstantially since 2000. The simultaneous increasein the level <strong>of</strong> loans and transit from s<strong>of</strong>t loans
74 Part II: Economic instruments and financial resources(in concession terms) to commercial term loans, is The environmental sector is very much dependent onclosely related to <strong>Albania</strong>’s moving from a low- international financing and a very high proportion <strong>of</strong>income country to a middle- income country.public environmental expenditure is coming fromexternal sources. Several development partners,Donor aid is integrated into the three-year bilateral donors in particular, are considering scalingexpenditure framework that the Government uses to down or phasing out their assistance in coming years.plan and manage public money. In this context, andin order to make donor aid better coordinated, The economic crisis and debt crisis in the euro zoneMoEFWA prepares an environment operational plan. is likely to further reduce the availability <strong>of</strong> donorThis, together with other policy documents, will aid, thus affecting the implementation <strong>of</strong>serve as a basis for establishing a sector-wide environmental programmes.assistance programme.Table 5.6: 2011 Government budget expenditure by function, thousand lekFunctionTotalSocial protection 108,250,490Other unclassified expenditure 88,290,400Economic issues 48,425,057Education 40,560,832Health 37,057,465General public services 25,804,255Housing and community accommodation 21,414,101Public order and security 21,281,100Defence 13,829,726Entertainment, culture and religious issues 3,663,696<strong>Environmental</strong> protection 457,708Total 409,034,830Source: Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, 2012.Table 5.7: Ministry <strong>of</strong> Environment, Forests and Water Administration budget by type <strong>of</strong> expenditure,2009-2012, thousand €2009 2010* 2011* 2012*Expenditure on salaries and social security 6,698 7,081 7,333 8,5531 - Planning, management, administration 398 415 419 4802 - <strong>Environmental</strong> protection 488 561 569 6023 - Support to fishery sector 260 350 358 3664 - Water administration 154 167 171 2035 - Forest administration 5,398 5,589 5,817 6,902Share <strong>of</strong> MoEFWA budget (%) 53.82 54.92 47.18 50.43Other current expenses 2,715 2,561 3,983 4,1781 - Planning, management, administration 187 187 220 2682 - <strong>Environmental</strong> protection 358 309 415 4353 - Support to fishery sector 244 220 285 2974 - Water administration 81 81 98 1025 - Forest administration 1,846 1,764 2,966 3,076Share <strong>of</strong> MoEFWA budget (%) 21.81 19.86 25.62 24.64Internal capital expenses 3,033 3,252 4,228 4,2281 - Planning, management, administration 65 81 89 982 - <strong>Environmental</strong> protection 244 244 268 2683 - Support to fishery sector 894 1,276 976 9765 - Forest administration 1,829 1,650 2,894 2,886Share <strong>of</strong> MoEFWA budget (%) 24.37 25.22 27.20 24.93Annual budget 12,446 12,894 15,544 16,959Source: Ministry <strong>of</strong> Environment, Forests and Water Administration, 2011.Note: * According to Medium Term Budget 2010-2012.
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UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION
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vPrefaceThe second EPR of Albania b
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viiLIST OF TEAM MEMBERSMr. Antoine
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ixMinistry of Agriculture, Food and
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xiCONTENTSForeword ................
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8.3 Biological diversity ..........
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xvPageChapter 8Table 8.1:Table 8.2:
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xviiPageLIST OF PHOTOSIntroductionP
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xixLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAICASCICANP
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xxiSIGNS AND MEASURES .. not availa
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xxiiiExecutive summaryThe first Env
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The entire education system is subj
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was done by international consultan
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1Introduction I.1 Physical contextA
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Introduction3The country has deposi
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Introduction5Photo I.1: Ruins of Sk
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PART I: POLICYMAKING, PLANNING AND
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135Chapter 10HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIR
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153Annex IIMPLEMENTATION OF THE REC
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The new 2011 Law on Environmental P
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Recommendation 3.2:Albania needs to
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for 2004 was prepared within the St
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163Chapter 6: WATER MANAGEMENTRecom
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international consulting and author
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taken. In addition, NES2, under MoE
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173Chapter 12: HUMAN HEALTH AND THE
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178Worldwide agreementsYear1979 (BO
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181Annex IIISELECTED ECONOMIC AND E
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183Land resources and soil 2002 200
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Education 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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188Law on Local Tax System, No. 963
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191SourcesIndividual authors1. Bego
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19568. National Agency of Natural R
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197101. International POPs Eliminat
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199UNDP and Ministry of Environment
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201172. National Agency for Environ