Second Environmental Performance Review of Albania

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81Chapter 6SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATERRESOURCES6.1 IntroductionNatural conditions and hydrographicalnetworkDue to the high amount of annual precipitation andthe fact that the hydrographical basin of Albania witha total area of 43,305 km² is about 50 per cent largerthan the country’s territory, Albania has abundantwater resources. The total annual flow is 39.22billion m 3 /year with 86 per cent of the annual flow inthe humid winter season (October-May), and theremaining 14 per cent of the annual flow in the drysummer season (July-September). Overall renewablewater resources amount to 13,300 m³ per capita, ofwhich 65 per cent is generated within Albania andthe remaining 35 per cent from countries upstream.In combination with the characteristic porous, karsticand fissured aquifers, this results in huge renewablegroundwater resources of an overall 1,250 millionm³/year in seven main geological strata. The plentifulwater resources are used for urban, industrial andagricultural purposes as well as for hydroelectricity.Seven main rivers in six river catchments draintowards the Adriatic Sea, namely the Drini, Mati,Ishmi, Erzeni, Shkumbini, Semani and Vjosa rivers(Map 6.1). The 250 lakes occupy 4 per cent of theterritory; the biggest lakes (Prespa, Ohrid andShkoder) are transboundary and belong to the DriniRiver system. In addition, there are numerous smalllakes located at high elevations with glacial or karsticorigin.Main problems in water resourcesmanagementDespite the fact that the country is rich in waterresources and self-purification capacities, the watermanagement sector has some serious problems,which can be attributed mainly to the following:• A non-existing or weak monitoring system forboth surface and groundwater in quantity andquality, including calibration of measuringsystems and evaluation and management of data;• Non-existing or weak water infrastructure andpoor maintenance, especially in water supplyand wastewater management; this has to be seenin the context of the poor implementation ofeconomic instruments, the dramatic increase inconstruction activity, which has been poorlyplanned and regulated, fast structural changesand absence of waste collection in rural areas;• A poor regulatory and financial framework inthe water sector together with the lack of a longtermstrategy which should act as a schedule forall activities and projects in the water sector.The above-mentioned barriers result in the heavypollution of water resources in populated areas,especially when compared with the plentifulfreshwater resources. These problems of quality areexacerbated by a growing demand for limited waterresources in some parts of the country where inlandwaters are scarcest with correspondingly highrequirements for water. In combination with the lackof a comprehensive and sufficient monitoring system,and a weak regulatory and financial framework, thisresults in the fragile and fragmented management ofwater resources.6.2 Water resourcesMonitoring of hydrological parameters,surface waters and groundwaterBased on the 2002 DCM, No. 103, on EnvironmentalMonitoring, institutions are contracted to MoEFWAto monitor the quality of surface water such as riversand lakes, bathing seawater, groundwater andwastewater discharges, within the framework of theNational Programme on Environmental Monitoring.Monitoring of water quantity started in 2011 in theIrzen River by the Institute of Water, Energy andEnvironment with financial support from the EC, andshould be expanded to the six main rivers in 2012. Ingeneral, the lack of hydrological information issignificant. Unless Albania starts to thoroughlyrebuild its basic system for providing hydrologicalinformation nationwide, it faces the danger that newwater management systems will not fulfil theiranticipated functions.
82 Part III: Integration of environmental concerns into economic sectors and promotion of sustainable developmentMap 6.1: Hydrographical network with monitoring stationsSource: United Nations Cartographic Section, 2011. Position of monitoring stations: WWA Hof, November 2011.Note: The boundaries and names shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Explanation of river basins: B1: The Drini basin; B2: the Mati basin; B3: the Ishmi and Erzeni basin; B4: the Shkumbini basin; B5: the Semani basin; B6: the Vjosa basin*Kosovo (UN-administered region, Security Council resolution 1244)
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UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION
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vPrefaceThe second EPR of Albania b
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viiLIST OF TEAM MEMBERSMr. Antoine
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ixMinistry of Agriculture, Food and
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xiCONTENTSForeword ................
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8.3 Biological diversity ..........
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xvPageChapter 8Table 8.1:Table 8.2:
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xviiPageLIST OF PHOTOSIntroductionP
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xixLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAICASCICANP
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xxiSIGNS AND MEASURES .. not availa
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xxiiiExecutive summaryThe first Env
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The entire education system is subj
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was done by international consultan
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1Introduction I.1 Physical contextA
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Introduction3The country has deposi
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Introduction5Photo I.1: Ruins of Sk
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PART I: POLICYMAKING, PLANNING AND
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10 Part I: Policymaking, planning a
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130 Part III: Integration of enviro
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132 Part III: Integration of enviro
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135Chapter 10HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIR
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Chapter 10: Human health and enviro
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153Annex IIMPLEMENTATION OF THE REC
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The new 2011 Law on Environmental P
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Recommendation 3.2:Albania needs to
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Recommendation 4.2:The Ministry of
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for 2004 was prepared within the St
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163Chapter 6: WATER MANAGEMENTRecom
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There is no updated water resources
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international consulting and author
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it is limited only to the level of
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taken. In addition, NES2, under MoE
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173Chapter 12: HUMAN HEALTH AND THE
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Recommendation 12.5:(a) The Ministr
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178Worldwide agreementsYear1979 (BO
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181Annex IIISELECTED ECONOMIC AND E
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183Land resources and soil 2002 200
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Education 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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188Law on Local Tax System, No. 963
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191SourcesIndividual authors1. Bego
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19336. Albania, Ministry of Environ
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19568. National Agency of Natural R
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197101. International POPs Eliminat
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199UNDP and Ministry of Environment
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201172. National Agency for Environ
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Second Environmental Performance Review of Albania

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